NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM NEWEST
ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
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What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - ANSWER-Cellular injury
causing cellular self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - ANSWER-the largest
membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief
functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - ANSWER-an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space
between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - ANSWER-a
network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer
nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and
lipid components of most of the organelles
How are cells specialized? - ANSWER-through the process of differentiation or
maturation
,What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - ANSWER-movement,
conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER-the
plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - ANSWER-a network of
smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex
is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - ANSWER-saclike structures that
originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These
enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - ANSWER-involved in the production and breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - ANSWER-The major workhorses of the cell,
if misfolded they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - ANSWER-. Mitochondria contain the
metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER-the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The
internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including
microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments).
, What is the plasma membrane? - ANSWER-encloses the cell and, by controlling
the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on
metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - ANSWER-The transfer of molecular signals from
the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - ANSWER-protein
homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is
composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein
breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated
with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - ANSWER-on the plasma membrane, enable
the cell to interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - ANSWER-(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3)
specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - ANSWER-(1)
fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins,
and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell
growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - ANSWER-(1) they form protein channels (gap
junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other
cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the
target cell.
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