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ICT2622
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Exam of 56 pages for the course ICT2622 at ICT2622 (ICT2622)
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lOMoAR cPSD| 46919909ICT2622 Exam prep
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS
, lOMoAR cPSD| 46919909
Information system
• Information system is a set of computer components that collect, process, store, and
provide all the information needed for business tasks.
Computer application?
• A computer application is a software program that executes on a computing device to
carry out a specific function or a set of related functions.
What is the purpose of systems analysis? Why is it important?
• Just as a builder doesn’t start construction without plans, programmers don’t just sit
and start writing program code.
• They need someone to function like an architect before writing to code and verifying
that it satisfies the vision.
• The software architect has to be able to understand and capture the vision of the
persons funding the project.
• This person is usually called the systems analyst.
• Some development teams distributed worldwide, you may only do part of the programming,
the rest handled by teams around the world.
• In a distributed team situation, it is important to have written documents to assist in
detailing the software application.
Systems analysis
• Systems analysis consists of those activities that enable a person to understand and
specify what the new system should accomplish.
• Systems analysis is much more than a simple brief statement of the problem, it must
track a myriad of details.
• Systems analysts describe in detail the “what” that a system must do to satisfy the
need or to solve the problem.
• The objective is to understand the informational needs or requirements and to document
those requirements in a set of specifications.
• Analysis tells us what the system needs to do.
Systems design
• Systems design consists of those activities that enable a person to describe in detail
the system that solves the need, describing the “how” It specifies in detail all the
components of the solution system and how they work together to provide the desired
solution.
• The objective of software construction is to build a system that satisfies those
requirements.
• System design, then, is the bridge that takes us from the requirements to solution.
Design describes how the system will be configured and constructed.
Activities of systems analysis?
• Gather detailed information - systems analysts obtain information from people who will
be using the system, by interviewing or watching them.
o They obtain additional information by reviewing planning documents and policy
statements. o Analysts also study existing systems, including their documentation. o
They also frequently obtain additional information by looking at what other
companies have done when faced with a similar business need o They tried to
understand existing system by identifying and understanding the activities of all
the current and future users o They also identify all the present and future
locations where work occurs and all the system interfaces with other systems.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 46919909
• Define requirements - the analyst uses information gathered from users and documents to
define requirements for the new system .
o System requirements include the functions the system must perform (functional
requirements) and requirements for reliability, performance and security (non-
functional requirements ).
o Analyst creates models to record requirements, review the models with users, refine
and expand the models to reflect information.
• Prioritise requirements - once the system requirements are understood, it’s important
to establish which requirements are crucial for the system.
o Users suggest functions that are not essential. Users and analysts need to ask
themselves which functions are important or not required . o Unless the analysed
evaluates priorities, system requirements tend to expand as users make more
suggestions (scope creep). o Requirements priorities also help to determine the
numbers composition and ordering of project iterations . o High priority
requirements are incorporated into early project iterations so analysts have
opportunity to refine those parts of the system . o Also, a project with many high
priority requirements will have many iterations, develop user interface dialogue
with the user. o User validation of an interface is much simpler and more reliable
because the user can see and feel the system . o To most users, the user interface
is all that matters. o Developing user interface dialogues is a powerful method of
eliciting and documenting requirements. o Analysts can develop user interfaces via
abstract models, such as storyboards, where they can develop user interface
prototypes. o A prototype interface can service requirements and be a starting point
for developing a portion of the system. o Using interface prototypes developed in an
early iteration can be expanded in later iterations to become a functioning part of
the system.
• Evaluate requirements with users – analysts use an iterative process to illicit user
input, work alone, return to the user, refine the model. o Prototypes of devices
developed in paper models are inadequate as analysts need to prove their chosen
technologies function as planned. o If the system includes innovative technology, users
need help visualising the possibilities available when defining what they require . o
Prototypes can fill that need . o The process of eliciting requirements, building
models and prototypes, and evaluating them with users may repeat many times.
What is a project?
• Initial development of a new project is usually done as a project.
• What this means is that the activities required to develop a new system are identified,
planned, organised, and monitored.
• We can think of a project as a planned undertaking that has a beginning and an end and
produces some definitive result.
• Some projects are very formal, whereas others are so informal that they can barely be
recognised as projects.
• To manage a project with analysis, design, and other development activities, you need a
project management framework as guidance
What are the six core processes of software systems development?
• There are many approaches to the SDLC and many variations for projects that have
various needs.
• There is a core set of processes that is always required, even though there is also an
incredible number of variations of these core processes.
• How each process is planned and executed and how the processes are combined into a
project.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 46919909
• Here are six core processes required in the development of any new application. o
identify the problem or need and obtain approval to proceed. o Plan and monitor the
project. What to do, how to do it, and who does it. o Discover and understand the
details of the problem or the need. o Design the systems components that solve the
problem or satisfy the need. o Build, test and integrate systems components.
o Complete systems tests and then deploy the solution.
• There are many ways to implement these six core processes of the SDLC.
• An information systems development process is the actual approach used to develop a
particular information system.
What is meant by Agile development?
• During the last 10 years, several new information systems development processes have
been developed to enhance project success.
• One of the newer and more effective ones is called Agile development.
• The philosophy of agile development is that no one completely understand the problems
and complexities of a new system.
• The project plan and the execution of the project must be responsive to unanticipated
issues.
• It must be agile and flexible.
• It must have procedures in place to allow for, anticipate and even embrace changes and
new requirements during the development process.
What is the purpose of a System Vision document?
• An SVD is developed to identify the benefits to the company and the functional
capabilities that will be included in the system.
• This is done in two steps, developing a preliminary statement of benefits and then
adding estimates of specific dollar costs and benefits.
What is the difference between a system and a subsystem?
• As is always the case, the list of systems capabilities provides the foundation
information for determining the overall project plan.
• The first step is to divide the system into several subsystems or components.
• A subsystem is simply a portion of the overall system.
• Based on the list of systems capabilities, the project team will identify functional
subsystems.
• A system or information system is the set of interrelated computer components that
collects, processes, stores and provides output.
What is the purpose of a work breakdown structure?
• During the planning of the first iteration, the first step is to identify or attempt to
identify all the individual tasks that need to be done. As these tasks are identified,
they are compiled and organised.
• This organised list of tasks is called a work breakdown structure. Part of the effort
is trying to estimate how long each task will last.
What are the components of a work breakdown structure? What does it show?
• Work breakdown structure shows an organised list of the individual tasks that need to
be done and estimate how long each task will take.
• The estimates include the time for the work, for discussion, and for reviewing the work
breakdown structure for accuracy and correctness. All the tasks listed in the work
breakdown structure are placed in a day-by-day sequence called a work sequence draft.
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