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Samenvatting Personality and Personality Disorders
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Samenvatting PPDLecture 1 – Nature – Culture – Subject
Core concepts:
1. Nature: Refers to the inherent traits and dispositions an individual is born
with. These biological predispositions influence behavior and personality.
2. Culture: Encompasses the shared beliefs, practices, norms, and values of a
group. Culture significantly shapes how individuals perceive themselves and
others, and how they behave within a societal context.
3. Subject: This term pertains to the individual person who experiences, acts,
and constructs a sense of self within their socio-cultural environment.
4. ‘First Nature’: Refers to the biological and genetic foundations of an
individual, including basic needs and instincts.
5. ‘Second Nature’: Involves the habits, skills, and traits developed through
interaction with the environment, particularly through cultural and social
influences.
6. Nurture: The environmental factors and experiences that influence an
individual's development. This includes family, education, social interactions, and
cultural context
7. Joint Intentionality: The capacity to share intentions and goals with others,
which is crucial for cooperative activities and cultural learning. This ability allows
individuals to participate in and contribute to collective practices.
8. Conventional Cultural Practices: The established ways of doing things
within a culture, which are learned and perpetuated through socialization. These
practices help individuals navigate their social worlds.
9. ‘Symbolic Order’: The system of symbols and meanings shared within a
culture, which provides a framework for understanding and interpreting
experiences.
10. Schema: Cognitive structures that help individuals organize and interpret
information. Schemas influence how people perceive the world and guide their
behavior.
11. The Psychological Self: The sense of oneself as a distinct individual with
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This concept is central to understanding
identity and personal agency.
12. Actor - Agent - Author:
- Actor: The self as an actor involves performing roles in social interactions.
From a young age, individuals learn to behave according to societal expectations
and norms.
, - Agent: As a motivated agent, the self is driven by goals, values, and
aspirations. This perspective emphasizes intentionality and planning for the
future.
- Author: The self as an author involves constructing a coherent life narrative.
This narrative helps individuals make sense of their experiences and shape their
identity over time.
Theories of personality are about who this person is and how they became that
way. This always involves development and goals and motivation for the future,
as well as in a certain context. What the context means to the person causes
individual differences in reacting and forming personality.
For example: in client narrative 1 of Naomi, there was no room for emotions and
she felt like she wasn't considered important. This adds to her depressive
feelings that developed in a context with lack of connection and working without
joy.
Thus personality theories are about who a person is and how they became that
way in the a certain context, influenced by their development.
Historical origins of personalities
Cultural histories are formed due to transmission of conventions:
- Conventions are how we do certain things and understand things
- Thus there is transmission between people on how they do and
understand things and this forms our culture and cultural history.
, By telling and reflecting on cultural stories about who we are and how we came
to be, we change our understanding of who we are.
- Reflecting: 'Being Dutch means...'
'We's' we belong to are the things you are a part of or that 'define' you, such as
being Dutch, going to a university, doing a certain sport and being part of a
team.
Cultural transmission / cultural origins are typically human!
There are three perspectives on personality:
1. Universal / human nature: a new organism in nature
2. Particular / human cultures: a new person in a culture
3. Singular human live: a new subject of an individual life
Common confusions and mistakes:
1. Naturalizing cultural categories
a. Example: treating race as a natural kind
b. Our thoughts come from complex histories & people naturalize
these complexities
2. Reducing every aspect to cultural narratives
a. Example: not taking seriously the evolved physical body and brain
as important limits on what is culturally possible
3. Forgetting about the cultural and subjective position from where
the autoher speaks
a. Any theory that is narrated is influenced by the narrator
b. They position in history, society and culture influences the way facts
are treated
4. Treating all accounts as equally subjective opinions
An organism in nature
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