Psychopharmacology; Brain & Behavior Exam Review Questions and A Level Marking Scheme Latest 2024/2025
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Course
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
Institution
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
Psychopharmacology; Brain & Behavior Exam Review Questions and A Level Marking Scheme Latest 2024/2025
What is the dose response curve? - correct answer A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered.
Does continuous increase of dose produce a...
Psychopharmacology; Brain & Behavior
Exam Review Questions and A Level
Marking Scheme Latest 2024/2025
What is the dose response curve? - correct answer A graph of the magnitude of an
effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered.
Does continuous increase of dose produce a stronger effect? - correct answer No.
Increasingly stronger doses of a drug produce increasingly larger effects until the
maximum effect is reached. After that point, increments in the dose do not produce any
increments in the drug's effects. But risk of adverse side effects increase.
Talk about the dose-response curve and opiates - correct answer Opiates reduce
sensitivity to pain and depress activity of neurons in medulla that control heart rate and
respiration. A physician who prescribes opiate to produce analgesia, administer a dose
large enough to reduce sensitivity to pain but not large enough to decrease respiration.
The difference between both curves indicates the margin of safety.
A more safe drug has a larger or smaller margin of safety? - correct answer larger
What is a therapeutic Index? - correct answer The ratio between the dose that
produces the desired effect in 50 percent of the animals and the dose that produces
toxic effects in 50 percent of the animals
If the toxic dose is 5 times higher than the therapeutic dose, what is the therapeutic
index? - correct answer 5
What does a higher vs lower therapeutic index indicate? - correct answer a higher
therapeutic index is better than a lower therapeutic index.
Contrast the therapeutic indexes between barbiturates and tranquilizers - correct
answer barbiturates have therapeutic indexes of 2-3 (low) while tranquilizers have TI of
over 100.
,Therefore, accidental doses of barbiturate is more likely to have tragic effects than
overdose of tranquilizer.
Why do drugs vary in their effectiveness? (2 reasons) - correct answer Different drugs
have different sites of action
ex: Both morphine and aspirin have analgesic events but morphine suppresses the
activity of neurons in spinal cord and brain involved in pain perception but aspirin
reduces the production of chemical involved in transmitting info from damaged tissue to
pain sensitive neurons. Therefore, morphine has a stronger effect.
Level of affinity
Define affinity and how it contributes to the effectiveness of a drug. - correct answer
The readiness with which two molecules join together.
A drug with high affinity will produce effects at a relatively low concentration whereas a
drug with low affinity will produce effects with higher doses.
How do levels of affinity vary within drugs? - correct answer Drugs with same binding
sites may vary in affinity
Bc most drugs have multiple effects, a drug can have high affinities for some of its sites
of action ad low affinities for others.
Where is the feeling of being "high" on the dose response curve? - correct answer past
peak level
Define tolerance - correct answer A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is
administered repeatedly
The body's attempt to compensate for the effects of drug
define sensitization - correct answer an increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is
administered repeatedly
, Define withdrawal symptoms - correct answer the appearance of symptoms opposite
to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then
suddenly no longer taken
early addiction is driven by pleasure, later addiction is driven by avoidance of pain
ex: opiates ease pain and without them, people feel anxious
How is tolerance built in the body? - correct answer The body is regulated by the brain
so it can stay at an optimal value. When effects of a drug alter theses optimal values,
the body begins to produce opposite reactions to partially compensate for the
disturbance of the optimal value.
What are the compensatory mechanisms for building tolerance? (what happens to the
body which creates tolerance?) - correct answer decrease in the effectiveness of the
binding of receptors (either receptors become less sensitive to drug decreasing affinity,
or receptors decrease in number
One or more steps in the coupling process become less active
What is the brain's primary mechanism for tolerance? - correct answer the brain's need
for balance.
The drug puts the brain in imbalance by overexciting it. with massive levels of
dopamine, it is confused so it begins to deactivate post synaptic receptors to weaken
signal bc it doesn't like the overstimulation brought by the drug.
First, Receptors are deactivated then they are gone. When not on drug, receptors don't
come back
When not taking drug for a long time, they come back (as healthy as can be)
What is a Placebo? - correct answer An inert substance that is given to an organism in
lieu of a physiologically active drug. used experimentally to control for the affects of
mere administration of drug.
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