LING 115 Final
If a language has over 10,000 speakers, it's safe and going to continue into the future - correct answer
✔✔False
96% of the world's languages are spoken by 4% of the world's population - correct answer ✔✔True
Code switching is one of the causes of language shift - correct answer ✔✔False
The second stand in the 3-generation language shift model is bilingualism - correct answer ✔✔True
One of the places with the most language extinction is - correct answer ✔✔North America
In the town of Oberwart, the oldest generation spoke - correct answer ✔✔Hungarian with survival skills
German
If a speaker of a minority language gets made fun of at school for not speaking the majority language
well, that speaker will most likely... - correct answer ✔✔Work really hard to learn the majority language,
and stop speaking the minority language because they're ashamed of it
One of the best ways to ensure that minority language survives in the presence of a more dominant
language group is - correct answer ✔✔To isolate the speakers of the minority language in a rural setting
The treatment of a Kikuyu speaker under English colonial rule in Kenya could be described as - correct
answer ✔✔a top-down pressure
A language with speakers in the 30's but no speakers under the age of 20 should be described as -
correct answer ✔✔Endangered
,The 1998 earthquake in Papua New Guinea is an example of which factor that can causes language loss -
correct answer ✔✔Loss of speakers
What does not help language be revitalized - correct answer ✔✔Teaching the language as a foreign
subject in high school
What factor was influential in the survival of Mwang - correct answer ✔✔The isolation of the speakers
What did not contribute to the revival of Hebrew speakers? - correct answer ✔✔The existence of living
mother-tongue speakers. Being associated with the Jewish religion, having a wealthy community looking
to revive the language, and the association between being Hebrew and Israeli did.
The Eisteddford could be described as a top-down pressure T/F - correct answer ✔✔F
The biggest challenge facing Hawaiian is - correct answer ✔✔A lack of well paying jobs requiring
Hawaiian
How many of the world's languages does David Chrystal believe will be gone in the next 100 years -
correct answer ✔✔3,000
Karitiana is an endangered language because it has only 185 speakers T/F - correct answer ✔✔False
Minority languages in regard to language shift have.... - correct answer ✔✔Less prestige, fewer speakers,
and are less wealthy/powerful
Immigrant communities... - correct answer ✔✔Often speak a minority language but can deprive it of
prestige because it's just something they do at home
Places where a minority language exists with a dominant language - correct answer ✔✔Basque in Spain
and indigenous languages in Americas. If everyone in Spain switches to Spanish, then Basque is done
, 3 generation effect - correct answer ✔✔1st generation learns just enough of majority language for
survival skills, 2nd generation is bilingual and does translating for parents, and 3rd generation is loss of
minority language and move to majority
Oberwart language shift - correct answer ✔✔Changed hands from Hungary to Austria at the end of
WWI, 1st generation wanted kids to be proficient in German for success and needed to learn German to
communicate with the government. 2nd generation uses German for friends and for their kids and for
government officials. Third generation only speaks survival skills Hungarian to talk to elders (only using
Hungarian for church and with grandparents)
Reasons for language shift - correct answer ✔✔Demographic factors, economic factors, size of minority
group, social factors, political factors, school, and intermarriage
Demographic factors - correct answer ✔✔Shift to majority if in urban setting, preserve minority if rural
Economic factors - correct answer ✔✔Shift to majority language if there are jobs in majority language,
preserve minority if there are jobs in it
Size of minority group - correct answer ✔✔If the group is small then shift to majority language, else
preserve minority language
Social pressures - correct answer ✔✔Peer pressure to drop minority language or not be associated with
it will result in shift to majority language. If family and friends use the minority language it will be
preserved
Political factors - correct answer ✔✔Government pressure to switch to the majority language will result
in shift (Kikuyu in Kenya punishment for speaking it, Welsh in Great Britain with the Welsh Knott), and
preserve minority language if the government supports it
School Factors - correct answer ✔✔If schooling requires the majority language, shift, else if school
teaches minority language then preserve
Intermarriage factors - correct answer ✔✔Shift to majority language if marry into majority language,
preserve if the marriage is only between minority speakers
If a language has over 10,000 speakers, it's safe and going to continue into the future - correct answer
✔✔False
96% of the world's languages are spoken by 4% of the world's population - correct answer ✔✔True
Code switching is one of the causes of language shift - correct answer ✔✔False
The second stand in the 3-generation language shift model is bilingualism - correct answer ✔✔True
One of the places with the most language extinction is - correct answer ✔✔North America
In the town of Oberwart, the oldest generation spoke - correct answer ✔✔Hungarian with survival skills
German
If a speaker of a minority language gets made fun of at school for not speaking the majority language
well, that speaker will most likely... - correct answer ✔✔Work really hard to learn the majority language,
and stop speaking the minority language because they're ashamed of it
One of the best ways to ensure that minority language survives in the presence of a more dominant
language group is - correct answer ✔✔To isolate the speakers of the minority language in a rural setting
The treatment of a Kikuyu speaker under English colonial rule in Kenya could be described as - correct
answer ✔✔a top-down pressure
A language with speakers in the 30's but no speakers under the age of 20 should be described as -
correct answer ✔✔Endangered
,The 1998 earthquake in Papua New Guinea is an example of which factor that can causes language loss -
correct answer ✔✔Loss of speakers
What does not help language be revitalized - correct answer ✔✔Teaching the language as a foreign
subject in high school
What factor was influential in the survival of Mwang - correct answer ✔✔The isolation of the speakers
What did not contribute to the revival of Hebrew speakers? - correct answer ✔✔The existence of living
mother-tongue speakers. Being associated with the Jewish religion, having a wealthy community looking
to revive the language, and the association between being Hebrew and Israeli did.
The Eisteddford could be described as a top-down pressure T/F - correct answer ✔✔F
The biggest challenge facing Hawaiian is - correct answer ✔✔A lack of well paying jobs requiring
Hawaiian
How many of the world's languages does David Chrystal believe will be gone in the next 100 years -
correct answer ✔✔3,000
Karitiana is an endangered language because it has only 185 speakers T/F - correct answer ✔✔False
Minority languages in regard to language shift have.... - correct answer ✔✔Less prestige, fewer speakers,
and are less wealthy/powerful
Immigrant communities... - correct answer ✔✔Often speak a minority language but can deprive it of
prestige because it's just something they do at home
Places where a minority language exists with a dominant language - correct answer ✔✔Basque in Spain
and indigenous languages in Americas. If everyone in Spain switches to Spanish, then Basque is done
, 3 generation effect - correct answer ✔✔1st generation learns just enough of majority language for
survival skills, 2nd generation is bilingual and does translating for parents, and 3rd generation is loss of
minority language and move to majority
Oberwart language shift - correct answer ✔✔Changed hands from Hungary to Austria at the end of
WWI, 1st generation wanted kids to be proficient in German for success and needed to learn German to
communicate with the government. 2nd generation uses German for friends and for their kids and for
government officials. Third generation only speaks survival skills Hungarian to talk to elders (only using
Hungarian for church and with grandparents)
Reasons for language shift - correct answer ✔✔Demographic factors, economic factors, size of minority
group, social factors, political factors, school, and intermarriage
Demographic factors - correct answer ✔✔Shift to majority if in urban setting, preserve minority if rural
Economic factors - correct answer ✔✔Shift to majority language if there are jobs in majority language,
preserve minority if there are jobs in it
Size of minority group - correct answer ✔✔If the group is small then shift to majority language, else
preserve minority language
Social pressures - correct answer ✔✔Peer pressure to drop minority language or not be associated with
it will result in shift to majority language. If family and friends use the minority language it will be
preserved
Political factors - correct answer ✔✔Government pressure to switch to the majority language will result
in shift (Kikuyu in Kenya punishment for speaking it, Welsh in Great Britain with the Welsh Knott), and
preserve minority language if the government supports it
School Factors - correct answer ✔✔If schooling requires the majority language, shift, else if school
teaches minority language then preserve
Intermarriage factors - correct answer ✔✔Shift to majority language if marry into majority language,
preserve if the marriage is only between minority speakers
