NURS 171 Unit 2 Test Vital signs, Assessment Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
NUR 171
Institution
NUR 171
Average blood pressure 120/80 mmhg
Range of heart rate 60-100 bpm
Range of respirations 12-20 breaths per minute
Average rectal temp. 98.6 F
Average oral temp. 98 F
Geriatric average temp. 95-96.8 F
Thermoregulation is the process of maintaining a stable temperature.
What controls the balanc...
NURS 171 Unit 2 Test Vital signs,
Assessment Review Questions and
Correct Answers
Average blood pressure ✅120/80 mmhg
Range of heart rate ✅60-100 bpm
Range of respirations ✅12-20 breaths per minute
Average rectal temp. ✅98.6 F
Average oral temp. ✅98 F
Geriatric average temp. ✅95-96.8 F
Thermoregulation ✅is the process of maintaining a stable temperature.
What controls the balance of body temperature? ✅-the hypothalamus, located
between the cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
-similar to a thermostat, the hypothalamus recognizes even small changes in body
temperature that are sent to it by sensory receptors in the skin.
How the body decrease body temp? ✅1. When heat sensors in the hypothalamus are
stimulated, they send out impulses to reduce the body temperature.
2. This activates compensatory mechanisms, such as peripheral vasodilation, sweating,
and inhibition of heat production.
Vasodilation ✅diverts core-warmed blood to the body surface, where heat can be
transferred to the surrounding environment.
How the body increases body temp? ✅1. When sensors in the hypothalamus detect
cold, they send out impulses to increase heat production and reduce heat loss.
2. To produce heat, the body responds by shivering and releasing epinephrine, which
increases metabolism.
Vasoconstriction ✅(narrowing of the blood vessels) conserves heat by shunting blood
away from the periphery (where heat is lost) to the core of the body, where the blood is
warmed.
,The body produces heat through 3 factors ✅metabolism, the movement of skeletal
muscles, and nonshivering thermogenesis
Metabolism is the ✅-sum of all physical and chemical processes and changes that
take place in the body.
-Metabolism uses energy and generates heat.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) ✅- is the amount of energy required to maintain the body
at rest.
- Body size, lean muscle mass, and numerous hormones influence BMR
How does skeletal muscle movement contract heat ✅The breakdown (catabolism) of
fats and carbohydrates in muscle produces energy and heat.
Ex: going for a run uses skeletal muscles, after you run, your body temperature would
be higher, perhaps as high as 101°F to 104°F
Ex: if you were to go outside without a coat when the temperature was 35°F, your
hypothalamus would sense a drop in body temperature and you would begin to shiver to
produce heat.
Nonshivering thermogenesis ✅is the metabolism of brown fat to produce heat.
- used by infants b/c they cannot produce own heat through shivering.
Afebrile ✅- without fever or normal body temperature
Febrile, Pyrexia ✅- body temperature above normal usually caused by infection or
response to tissue injury
Hyperthermia ✅- Core body temperature well above normal usually caused by
exposure to extreme heat
Examples of Hyperthermia ✅heat exhaustion and heat stroke
Heat exhaustion is ✅98.6º-103ºf
Nausea, weakness, vomiting, tachycardia, syncope
Heat stroke is ✅temp above 103ºf
Hypothermia ✅- Core body temperature well below normal usually caused by
exposure to extreme cold
- temp below 95ºf
, Diaphoresis ✅- visible perspiration which promotes heat loss and is common when a
fever breaks
What factors influence body temp ✅Developmental age
Level of consciousness
Surgical sites
Environment
Exercise
Gender
Emotions and stress
Circadian Rhythm
Pain
Treatments
Recent ingestion of food, fluids, or smoking
What is a circadian rhythm? ✅internal clock that can change temp
Ex: in the am temp is lowest
Gender influencing body temp ✅women body temp varies with pregnancy and
menstrual cycle.
Older adults have difficulty maintaining body heat because ✅of slower metabolism,
decreased vasomotor control, and loss of subcutaneous tissue.
Gender affecting body temp ✅- a woman temp varies w. Menstrual cycle
- body temp is lower when progesterone is low/progesterone increases when levels
increase.
- menopause, cause temp fluctuations- hot flashes
A fever is considered ✅101. F
A fever is beneficial because it enhances the immune response. Specifically, it ✅1.
Kills or inhibits the growth of many microorganisms
2. Enhances phagocytosis
3. Causes the breakdown of lysosomes and self-destruction of virally infected cells
4. Causes the release of interferon, a substance that protects cells from viral infection
What causes a fever? ✅foreign material enters body
Phagocytes stimulated to ingest invaders
Phagocytes secrete pyrogens
Pyrogens induce secretion of prostaglandins
Prostaglandins reset body temp to increase
Set point is the ✅reset value
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