Interest rate effect - 1. US Price level increases
2. US borrowing increases
3. Demand for money increases
4. Nominal interest rate increases
5. Gross investment decreases
6. US Aggregate demand decreases (along AD curve)
Tax systems - 1. Progressive- as income rises, marginal tax rate rises
, AP Macroeconomics Study Set exam 2024
2. Proportional- regardless of income, tax rate is the same
3. Regressive- as income rises, marginal tax rate falls (as a percent of income)
[sales tax]
Four Determinants of Consumption and Saving - Wealth, Borrowing, Expectations,
and Real Interest Rates
Wealth - Determinant of Consumption and Saving that is the real value of all
financial assets, directly related to consumption
Borrowing - Determinant of consumption and saving that allows for more
consumption at the expense of less future consumption, directly related to
consumption
Expectations - Determinant of consumption and saving in which if households
expect higher prices tomorrow, they'll buy more now and if they expect a
recession they'll save more. Directly related to consumption
Real Interest Rate - Determinant of consumption and saving in which more loans
are likely to be taken for consumption and less money is likely to be saved due to
lower interest payments. Directly related to consumption
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