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NU545 Patho Study Guide Unit 1 question and answer Exam review
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NU545 Patho Study Guide Unit 1question and answer Exam 2024-
2025 review
What is metabolic absorption? (p.2) - correct answer • 1
of 8 cellular functions of eukaryote cell
• Chief function is to take in & use nutrients or other
substances from surroundings
• Ex: kidney (fluid absorption and synthesize proteins)
and Intestinal epithelial cells (fluid absorption/protein
enzyme synthesis)
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an
oxidative reaction? (p.8) - correct answer • Peroxisomes
contain enzymes that use O2 to remove H+ in oxidative
reactions that produces hydrogen peroxide which is then
used by catalase to further oxidize other substances like:
phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol
During cell injury what is released that is capable of
cellular autodigestion? (p. 8) - correct answer •
Lysosomal enzymes (hydrolases), or the digestive
enzymes within the lysosome
• Autolysosomes, or autophagosomes
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? (p. 2) -
correct answer Nucleus, specifically the nucleolus
,NU545 Patho Study Guide Unit 1
question and answer Exam 2024-
2025 review
Cell membranes contain which major chemical
components? (p. 12) - correct answer Lipids & Proteins
in a complex lipid bilayer
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? (p.
31-32) - correct answer • The Na+-K+-ATP pump. Uses
direct energy of ATP; found in excitable tissues
(muscles/nerves) & also in kidneys & salivary glands.
Involves the movement of Na+ & K+ against a
concentration gradient.
• Protein enzyme ATPase allows potassium to move in
and out of the cell.
• Mediated transport = channel protein through which
ions can diffuse (K+ leak channel).
How is a cell protected from injury? (p.12) - correct
answer • Plasma membrane - Acts as a barrier to toxic
molecules, macromolecules, & foreign organisms/cells.
• Exists in a state of change & modulation. Alternates
receptor numbers & patterns.
,NU545 Patho Study Guide Unit 1
question and answer Exam 2024-
2025 review
• Gating protects cells from release of Ca from injured
cells by sealing off or decreasing permeability at
junctional complexes.
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the
erythrocytes? (p.68) - correct answer • Associated with
chemical changes that result in structural & metabolic
abnormalities of the erythrocyte membrane leading to
cell shape changes & hemolytic anemia.
• Increase in unesterified serum cholesterol owing to
lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency in
cirrhosis leads to expansion of the lipid bilayer &
macrocytosis without megaloblastic changes in
precursors. Substitutions of phosphatidyl choline (PC)
moieties in the erythrocyte lipid bilayer lead to
echinocytes (disaturated PC) or to stomatocytes
(diunsaturated PC). In some patients, high density
lipoprotein (HDL) abnormalities lead to erythrocyte
surface changes causing rapid formation of echinocytes.
(Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1990 May-Jun;20(3):169-
74.Mechanisms of hemolysis in liver disease.Morse EE1.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of
Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington 06032)
, NU545 Patho Study Guide Unit 1
question and answer Exam 2024-
2025 review
• Alters fluidity & function of cell membrane as well as
intercellular transport
What is platelet-derived growth factor? (p.39) - correct
answer Stimulates production of connective tissue cells
& neuroglial cells
What is cell communication? How does it occur? (p.20) -
correct answer • Required for homeostasis, regulate
cellular growth/division & development/organization into
tissues, & coordinate cellular function.
• Occurs in 3 ways:
-via protein channels & gap junctions that directly
coordinate activities of adjacent cells (must be touching)
-via plasma membrane-based signaling molecules
(receptors) that affect the cell itself & cells that come in
direct contact
-via chemical signals that must enter the distant cells to
affect the receptors inside of the distant cell (the most
common means of communication).
• Primary modes of intercellular signaling are hormonal,
neurohormonal, paracrine, contact-dependent, &
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