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PSY297 - Sensation and Perception Exam.
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PSY297 - Sensation and Perception Exam.PSY297 - Sensation and Perception Exam.PSY297 - Sensation and Perception Exam.
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PSY297 - Sensation and Perception Exam.Sensation - Correct answer a subjective experience or feeling that results from
stimulation of the five senses
Perception - Correct answer the interpretation of sensory input
Cognition - Correct answer the mental activities involved in acquiring and processing
information
Attention - Correct answer focusing perception and cognition on a stimulus
A-beta fiber - Correct answer a wide-diameter, militated sensory nerve fiber that
transmits signals from mechanical stimulation.
A-delta fiber - Correct answer an intermediate-sized, militated sensory nerve fiber that
transmits pain and temperature signals.
Abduces (VI) nerves - Correct answer the sixth pair of cranial nerves, which innervate
the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeballs.
Absolute metrical depth cue - Correct answer A depth cue that provides quantifiable
information about distance in the third dimension (e.g., his nose sticks out 4 centimeters
in front of his face).
Absolute pitch - Correct answer A rare ability whereby some people are able to very
accurately name or produce notes without comparison to other notes.
Absolute threshold - Correct answer the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a
person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
Absorb - Correct answer to take up something—such as light, noise, or energy—and
not transmit it at all.
Acceleration - Correct answer a change in velocity. Mathematically, acceleration is the
derivative of velocity. In words, linear acceleration indicates a change in linear velocity;
angular acceleration indicates a change in angular velocity.
Accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) - Correct answer a neural structure found in nonhuman
animals that is smaller than the main olfactory bulb and located behind it and that
receives input from the vomeronasal organ.
Accidental viewpoint - Correct answer a viewing position that produces some regularity
in the visual image that is not present in the world (e.g., the sides of two independent
objects lining up perfectly).
,Accommodation - Correct answer the process by which the eye changes its focus (in
which the lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects).
Achromatopsia - Correct answer an inability to perceive colors that is caused by
damage to the central nervous system.
Acoustic reflex - Correct answer a reflex that protects the ear from intense sounds, via
contraction of the stampedes and tensor tympani muscles.
Acoustic startle reflex - Correct answer the very rapid motor response to a sudden
sound. Very few neurons are involved in the basic startle reflex, which can also be
affected by emotional state.
Active sensing - Correct answer Sensing that includes self-generated probing of the
environment. Besides our vestibular sense, other active human senses include vision
and touch. Animal active sensing includes the use of echoes by whales and bats, the
use of electrical signals by some fishes, and the use of whiskers/antennae by fishes,
insects, and nocturnal rodents.
Acuity - Correct answer the smallest spatial detail that can be resolved at 100%
contrast.
Adaptation - Correct answer a reduction in response caused by prior or continuing
stimulation.
Adapting stimulus - Correct answer a stimulus whose removal produces a change in
visual perception or sensitivity.
Additive color mixture - Correct answer a mixture of lights. If light A and light B are both
reflected from a surface to the eye, in the perception of color the effects of those two
lights add together.
Aerial perspective or haze - Correct answer a depth cue based on the implicit
understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere. More light is scattered when we
look through more atmosphere. Thus, more distant objects are subject to more scatter
and appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct.
Afferent fiber - Correct answer a neuron that carries sensory information to the central
nervous system. Compare efferent fiber.
Afferent signals - Correct answer Information flowing inward to the central nervous
system from sensors in the periphery. Passive sensing would rely exclusively on such
sensory inflow, providing a traditional view of sensation. See also afferent fiber.
,Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) - Correct answer a disease associated with
aging that affects the macula. AMD gradually destroys sharp central vision, making it
difficult to read, drive, and recognize faces. There are two forms of AMD: wet and dry.
Anosmia - Correct answer a failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see
them. Agnosia is typically due to brain damage.
Akinetopsia - Correct answer A rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected
individual has no perception of motion.
Amacrine cell - Correct answer a retinal cell found in the inner synaptic layer that makes
synaptic contacts with bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other marine cells.
Ambiguous figure - Correct answer a visual stimulus that gives rise to two or more
interpretations of its identity or structure.
Amblyopia - Correct answer a developmental disorder characterized by reduced spatial
vision in an otherwise healthy eye, even with proper correction for refractive error. Also
known as lazy eye.
Amplitude - Correct answer In reference to vestibular sensation, the size (increase or
decrease) of a head movement (e.g., angular velocity, linear acceleration, tilt).
Amplitude or intensity - Correct answer In reference to hearing, the magnitude of
displacement (increase or decrease) of a sound pressure wave. Amplitude is perceived
as loudness.
Ampulla - Correct answer an expansion of each semicircular-canal duct that includes
that canal's cupola, crista, and hair cells, where transduction occurs.
Amygdala-hippocampal complex - Correct answer the conjoined regions of the
amygdala and hippocampus, which are key structures in the limbic system. This
complex is critically involved in the unique emotional and associative properties of
olfactory cognition.
Analgesia - Correct answer decreasing pain sensation during conscious experience.
Anamorphosis or anamorphic projection - Correct answer Use of the rules of linear
perspective to create a two-dimensional image so distorted that it looks correct only
when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that counters the distortion.
Angular acceleration - Correct answer the rate of change of angular velocity.
Mathematically, the integral of angular acceleration is angular velocity, and the integral
of angular velocity is angular displacement. Angular acceleration, angular velocity, and
angular displacement all mathematically represent angular motion.
, Angular motion - Correct answer Rotational motion like the rotation of a spinning top or
swinging saloon doors that rotate back and forth.
Anisometropia - Correct answer A condition in which the two eyes have different
refractive errors (e.g., one eye is farsighted and the other not).
Anomia - Correct answer An inability to name objects in spite of the ability to see and
recognize them (as shown by usage). Anomia is typically due to brain damage.
Anosmia - Correct answer The total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus
illness or head trauma.
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - Correct answer A region of the brain associated with
the perceived unpleasantness of a pain sensation.
Aperture - Correct answer An opening that allows only a partial view of an object.
aperture problem - Correct answer The fact that when a moving object is viewed
through an aperture (or a receptive field), the direction of motion of a local feature or
part of the object may be ambiguous.
apparent motion - Correct answer The illusory impression of smooth motion resulting
from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid
succession.
aqueous humor - Correct answer The watery fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Aromatherapy - Correct answer The manipulation of odors to influence, mood,
performance, and well-being as well as the physiological correlates of emotion such as
heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep.
Articulation - Correct answer The act or manner of producing a speech sound using the
vocal tract.
Astigmatism - Correct answer A visual defect caused by the unequal curving of one or
more of the refractive surfaces of the eye, usually the cornea.
Attack - Correct answer The part of a sound during which amplitude increases (onset).
Attention - Correct answer Any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain.
To deal with the impossibility of handling all inputs at once, the nervous system has
evolved mechanisms that are able to bias processing to a subset of things, places,
ideas, or moments in time.
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