Summary
Summary Biol 114 Exam 3 Study Guide
- Course
- Biology 114
- Institution
- State University Of New York - Binghamton
Exam 3 Study Guide for Biol 114.
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Exam 3 Prep➢ Competition and Niche space
○ Those that outcompete others have greater fitness, thus creating populations of
better competitors
○ Process of competition is costly to both
○ Intraspecific competition is often more fierce due to the species sharing a
common source of nutrition or space, therefore they are more often at odds with
each other, as opposed to different species that have varying needs.
○ Intraspecific competition
■ Competition between individuals of the same species
■ Sigmoidal pattern of population growth (follows K)
■ Density-dependent population changes (higher density of the same species
in one location causes many members of that species to die off)
■ Ex: Gypsy Moth explosion
○ Interspecific competition
■ Competition between individuals of different species
■ Can lead to Evolutionary Arms Race (both species continually counter
each others adaptations to compete for a resource across generations)
■ Niche: Summarizes the environmental factors that influence the growth,
survival and reproduction of a species
● Fundamental niche: Accumulating factors permitting a species to
survive and reproduce
● Realized niche: Competition that restricts the environment in
which the species lives
■ Competitive exclusion principle: states that two species with identical
niches cannot coexist in that niche indefinitely
● Better competitor will exclude the less suited species from the
niche
● The species that is out-competed will likely go extinct from the
area
■ Resource partitioning: differentiation of niches - both in space and time -
that enables two species to coexist in a community. Caused by resource
segregation (two species evolved to survive off of different types of
resources )
, ● E.g. of resource segregation: difference in acorn-size preference
between Gray squirrels and red squirrels)
○ Mechanisms of competition
■ Scramble competition
● Competing individuals target the resource without necessarily
interacting with each other
● Ex: Two different cheetahs compete for a deer by hunting it down
before the other does, although they may engage in interference
competition by fighting for it afterwards.
■ Interference competition
● Individuals target the competitor, and not necessarily the source
● Ex: Large deers physically force out smaller deers from feeding
grounds so as to prevent them from taking any of their food.
➢ Interspecific Exploitation
○ Summarized with +/- designated relationship (exploitative interactions)
○ Lotka-Volterra Model of Predator-prey interaction: predicts that as prey
increases, they become more available to predators. As predators increase in
number, prey decreases. Predators grow for a while before dropping again due to
lack of prey → cycle continues. The growth and decline of both species is out of
sync due to population inertia.
○ Three exploitative relationship groups (consumption category):
■ Herbivory
● Plant consumption by an animal can either reduce or increase
fitness of the plant
● Reduce fitness of the plants (+/-) - exploitation
○ Animals eat many different plant parts. Usually killing
them without a chance at reproduction
● Increase the fitness of the plant (+/+) - mutualism
○ Animals patake in eating fruits and dispersing seeds
○ Drinking nectar and spreading pollen
● Plants are more available as a food source than animals
● High energy parts (seeds, fruits) of plants are less abundant than
low energy parts (bark, leaves)
■ Predation
● Killing/consumption of other animals
● Animals are a higher quality food item (protein, fats)
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