Summary
Summary - Methoden in het biofarmaceutisch onderzoek: algemene analyse
- Course
- Institution
samenvatting algemene analyse
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
aliciamarreel
Content preview
Inhoud0 Hoofdstuk 0: chemische analyse......................................................................................................... 7
0.1 Vraagstelling:................................................................................................................................ 7
0.2 Gepaste analytische procedures selecteren.................................................................................7
0.3 Staalname..................................................................................................................................... 7
0.4 Staalvoorbereiding........................................................................................................................ 7
0.5 analyse......................................................................................................................................... 8
0.6 interpreteren van resultaten ‘rapporteren’.....................................................................................8
0.7 conclusies trekken........................................................................................................................ 8
1 Hoofdstuk 1: metingen......................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 SI eenheden................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3 Prefixen......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Conversie van eenheden.............................................................................................................. 9
1.5 Chemische concentraties.............................................................................................................. 9
1.6 Bereiding van oplossingen met een bepaalde molariteit.............................................................10
1.7 Verdunning van oplossingen....................................................................................................... 10
1.8 Oplossingen en stoechiometrie................................................................................................... 10
2 Hoofdstuk 2: Instrumentarium............................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Veiligheid.................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Pictogrammen en gevaarsymbolen: zie cursus..........................................................................11
2.3 Afval............................................................................................................................................ 11
2.4 Laboboek.................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Analytische balans...................................................................................................................... 11
2.5.1 Mechanische analytische balans......................................................................................... 11
2.5.2 Elektronische analytische balans......................................................................................... 11
2.6 Afwegen praktisch...................................................................................................................... 12
2.7 Ijking van een balans.................................................................................................................. 12
2.8 Buoyancy (=opwaartse kracht als we praten over balansen)......................................................12
2.9 Buretten (=glazen buis met verdelingen)....................................................................................12
2.10 Maatkolven............................................................................................................................... 12
2.11 Pipetten..................................................................................................................................... 13
2.12 Nauwkeurigheid - Precisie........................................................................................................ 13
2.13 Microliterspuit (Hamilton spuit).................................................................................................. 13
2.14 Calibratie van volumetrisch glaswerk........................................................................................ 13
2.15 Gravimetrische analyse............................................................................................................ 13
2.16 Drogen...................................................................................................................................... 13
3 Hoofdstuk 3: Verwerking analyseresultaten.......................................................................................13
3.1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................................... 13
, 3.2 Gauss of normaalverdeling......................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Gemiddelde................................................................................................................................ 14
3.4 Standaardafwijking of standaarddeviatie (minstens 3 waarden !!!).............................................14
3.5 Gemiddelde en standaardafwijking............................................................................................. 14
3.6 Grubbs-test................................................................................................................................. 14
4 Hoofdstuk 4: Foutenleer.................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Experimentele fout...................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Beduidende cijfers en berekeningen........................................................................................... 15
4.2.1 Optellen en aftrekken........................................................................................................... 15
4.2.2 vermenigvuldigen en delen.................................................................................................. 15
4.2.3 Logaritmen en antilogaritmen............................................................................................... 15
4.3 Soorten fouten............................................................................................................................ 16
4.3.1 Systematische fout............................................................................................................... 16
4.3.2 Toevallige fout...................................................................................................................... 16
4.4 Hoe sprijding uitdrukken?........................................................................................................... 16
4.5 Hoe fout uitdrukken..................................................................................................................... 16
4.6 Propagatie van toevallige fouten................................................................................................. 16
4.6.1 Optellen en aftrekken........................................................................................................... 16
4.6.2 Vermenigvuldigen en delen................................................................................................. 16
4.6.3 Gemengde bewerkingen...................................................................................................... 17
4.6.4 Exponenten.......................................................................................................................... 17
4.6.5 Logaritmen........................................................................................................................... 17
4.6.6 Antilogaritmen...................................................................................................................... 17
4.6.7 Beduidende cijfers in de praktijk.......................................................................................... 17
4.7 Propagatie van systematische fouten......................................................................................... 17
5 Hoofdstuk 5: chemisch evenwicht...................................................................................................... 17
5.1 De evenwichtsconstante............................................................................................................. 17
5.1.1 Evenwichtsconstanten manipuleren.....................................................................................18
5.2 Evenwicht en thermodynamica................................................................................................... 18
5.2.1 Enthalpie.............................................................................................................................. 18
5.2.2 Entropie............................................................................................................................... 18
5.2.3 Vrije energie......................................................................................................................... 18
5.2.4 Wet van Le Chatelier........................................................................................................... 18
5.3 Oplosbaarheidsproduct (Ksp)....................................................................................................... 18
5.3.1 Het gelijk-ion effect.............................................................................................................. 18
5.3.2 Scheiding door neerslag...................................................................................................... 19
5.4 Vorming van complexen............................................................................................................. 19
5.4.1 Lewis zuren en basen.......................................................................................................... 19
5.4.2 Effect van de vorming van ionische complexen op de oplosbaarheid..................................19
5.4.3 Evenwichten in tabelvorm zijn meestal niet constant...........................................................19
, 5.5 Protische zuren en basen........................................................................................................... 19
5.5.1 Bronsted-Lowry zuren en basen.......................................................................................... 19
5.5.2 Zouten.................................................................................................................................. 19
5.5.3 Geconjugeerde zuren en basen........................................................................................... 19
5.5.4 De natuur van H+ en OH-.................................................................................................... 19
5.5.5 Autoprolyse.......................................................................................................................... 19
5.6 pH............................................................................................................................................... 20
5.6.1 Bestaat puur water?............................................................................................................. 20
5.7 Sterkte van zuren en basen........................................................................................................ 20
5.7.1 Sterke zuren en basen......................................................................................................... 20
5.7.2 Zwakke zuren en basen....................................................................................................... 20
5.7.3 Gemeenschappelijke klassen van zwakke zuren en basen.................................................20
5.7.4 Polyprotische zuren en basen.............................................................................................. 20
5.7.5 Relatie tussen Ka en Kb........................................................................................................ 20
5.7.6 Afkortingen voor organische structuren...............................................................................20
6 Titraties.............................................................................................................................................. 20
6.1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................................... 20
6.2 Titraties....................................................................................................................................... 21
6.3 Primaire standaarden.................................................................................................................. 21
6.4 Berekeningen.............................................................................................................................. 21
7 Activiteit............................................................................................................................................. 22
7.1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................................... 22
7.2 Ionische sterkte en oplosbaarheid van zouten............................................................................22
7.3 Wat is “ionische sterkte”?............................................................................................................ 22
7.4 Activiteitscoefficienten................................................................................................................. 22
7.5 Berekening van de activiteitscoefficient......................................................................................22
7.6 Hydratatie van ionen................................................................................................................... 23
7.7 Berekening van de activiteitscoefficient......................................................................................23
7.8 Invloed van de ionische sterkte, ionlading en iongrootte op gamma...........................................23
7.9 Gebruik van de activiteitscoefficient............................................................................................ 23
7.10 Iteratieve methodes.................................................................................................................. 23
7.11 De pH herbekeken.................................................................................................................... 23
7.12 activiteitscoefficienten van niet-ionische verbindingen..............................................................23
7.13 Hoge ionische sterkte............................................................................................................... 24
8 Het chemisch evenwicht: systematisch............................................................................................. 24
8.1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................................... 24
8.2 Ladingsbalans............................................................................................................................. 24
8.3 Massabalans............................................................................................................................... 24
8.4 Systematische behandeling van het evenwicht..........................................................................24
8.5 Oplosbaarheid is pH afhankelijk................................................................................................. 24
, 9 Monoprotische zuur-base evenwichten............................................................................................. 25
9.1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................................... 25
9.2 Sterke zuren en basen................................................................................................................ 25
9.3 Zwakke zuren en basen.............................................................................................................. 25
9.4 Geconjugeerde zuur-base paren................................................................................................ 26
9.5 Zwak-zuur evenwichten.............................................................................................................. 26
9.6 pH van een zwak-zuur oplossing................................................................................................ 26
9.7 Dissociatiefractie voor een zuur.................................................................................................. 26
9.8 Zwak-base evenwichten............................................................................................................. 26
9.9 Associatiefractie voor een base.................................................................................................. 26
9.10 Buffers...................................................................................................................................... 26
9.11 Praktische bereiding van een buffer.......................................................................................... 27
9.12 Europese farmacopee............................................................................................................... 27
9.13 Buffercapaciteit......................................................................................................................... 27
10 Polyprotische zuur-base evenwichten............................................................................................. 28
10.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................................... 28
10.2 Diprotische zuren/basen........................................................................................................... 28
10.3 Zure vorm H2L+......................................................................................................................... 28
10.4 Basische vorm L-...................................................................................................................... 28
10.5 Intermediaire vorm HL.............................................................................................................. 28
10.6 Algemeen: diprotische zuren.................................................................................................... 29
10.7 Diprotische buffers.................................................................................................................... 29
10.8 Polyprotische zuren en basen................................................................................................... 29
10.9 De hoofdcomponent – monoprotische systemen......................................................................29
10.10 De hoofdcomponent – diprotische systemen..........................................................................29
10.11 De hoofdcomponent – polyprotische systemen......................................................................30
10.12 Fractionele samenstelling – monoprotische systemen............................................................30
10.13 Fractionele samenstelling – polyprotische systemen..............................................................30
10.14 Isoionisch punt........................................................................................................................ 30
10.15 Isoelektrisch punt.................................................................................................................... 31
1 Zuur-base titraties.............................................................................................................................. 31
1.1 Titratiecurve................................................................................................................................ 31
1.2 Titratie van een sterke base met een sterk zuur.........................................................................31
1.3 Titratie van een zwak zuur met een sterke base.........................................................................32
1.4 Titratie van een zwakke base met een sterk zuur.......................................................................32
1.5 Titratie van diprotische systemen............................................................................................... 33
1.6 Autotitrator.................................................................................................................................. 33
1.7 Eindpuntsbepaling: afgeleiden.................................................................................................... 33
1.8 Eindpuntsbepaling: gran plot...................................................................................................... 33
1.9 Eindpuntsbepaling: indicatoren................................................................................................... 33
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller aliciamarreel. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.95. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53022 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now