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LING 115 MIDTERM 2 REVISED questions with answers
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LING 115 MIDTERM 2 REVISED questions with answers
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LING 115 MIDTERM 2 REVISEDA global lang is a lang that has __ and __ - correct answer ✔✔special role & widespread use. Language
used by people more than any other land....with many L2 speakers!!
Three ways to attain special role - correct answer ✔✔1. Mother tongue of majority of country (but this is
not enough to make a lang a GL because not every country has Eng as l1); 2. If recognized as off lang of
courty (Eng in 75+ countries); 3. Promoted as edu.
Eng is the L1/L2 of how many people - correct answer ✔✔1.2-1.5 billion.
How many people speak Chinese? Eligible for GL - correct answer ✔✔1.1 bil. No, because not many L2
speakers and geogrpahically isolated.
A lang becomes a GL when ___ (1 thing!) - correct answer ✔✔used by an influential group. Ex - 1. Latin
(Roman Empire and Roman Catholic Church); 2. French (Napoleon's Empire).
How did Latin and French fall from LF status? - correct answer ✔✔Latin - Roman Empire collapsed and
Catholic Church did not encourage Latin literacy within pop. French - was an LF because it had many
colonies, but then Napoleon fell = no more French empire = rise of Eng.
The geographical extent throughout which a LLF can be used is governed by - correct answer ✔✔political
factors. LFs can extend over small domains or link trading populations of many countries, or be like Latin
(throughout Roman empire).
What kinds of events resulted in Eng becoming a LF? - correct answer ✔✔colonization, industrial rev
(1800s, Britain; people came and went to learn about/spread technology); modernization of
trade/globalization of economy (mediated in Eng); digital rev (late 1900s)
Which langs are commons LFs today? - correct answer ✔✔Swahili, Arabic, Spanish, French, Eng, Hindi,
Portu.
,Eng was in the right place at the right time (timeline with three points) - correct answer ✔✔1. Spread of
English by military force and colonization by British in 18th and 19th centuries; 2. British led industry and
trade; 3. US had a HUGE population and fast-growing economy.
2 advantages to having a global lang/lingua franca - correct answer ✔✔1. Good for world orgs (League of
Nations; Work Bank, UNESCO, UNICEF, World Health Org, Intl Atomic Agency; Asso of South East Asian
Nations; Coucil of Europe, NATO, OPEC) and restricted international orgs (Euro Union; Commonwealth of
Nations)...less expensive translation (Eng as utilitarian/working lang); 2. Helpful with tech developments
(air travel and modern int'l communication like email), which have created global village.
3 disadvantages to having Eng as GL - correct answer ✔✔1. L1 speakers might be less keen to learn other
langs (*creating an elite monolinguistic class who have Eng as L1* and maintain gap bt rich and poor; 2.
In business, knowledge of multiple langs is helpful; 3. Lang death caused by GL (but, in reality, lang death
is more likely to come form dominance of a regional lang; Galician in SPain might die bc of Spanish), 4.
When a person needs only one lang to talk to someone else it, other langs will die away = *evolutionary
view of lang*.
Crystal's argument against the claim that Eng as global LF would create imbalance of ling power - correct
answer ✔✔if GL is taught early enough and maintained, real bilingualism can occur (would be $$$).
Eng in int'l orgs - correct answer ✔✔English was victorious in WWI and WWII bc US and Britain. After
WWI, League of Nations involved 42 countries. In 1945, LoN became United Nations, which has 5 off
langs now. 85% of int'l orgs use Eng; most with 'Euro' in the title use Eng.
Eng in media - correct answer ✔✔newspapers and journals (80% of science journals in Eng); shortwave
radio and film; music; air travel.
Eng in computers - correct answer ✔✔80% of world's electronically stored info is in Eng bc systems were
designed for Roman alphabet. Crystal says that to take advantage of the Internet, learn Eng.
2 things that could stop Eng as a GL - correct answer ✔✔1. Change in power; 2. Machine translation.
Inner/Outer/Expanding circles - define and list pop stats - correct answer ✔✔IC - 320-380 million; where
English is the L1. OC - 150-300 mil; non-mother tongue situations involve Eng; Eng i simpt as a 2nd lang
, (Singapore, Kenya, India). EX - 100 mil - 1 billion; Eng is impt but no history of colonization or special
administrative status (China, Japan, Greece, Poland, where Eng is taught as a foreign lang).
Will Eng remain the GL? - correct answer ✔✔1. *Other domain langs have fallen* (Latin became regional
Romance languages; French, used by the upper class throughout Europe, disappeared. 2. *The lang
could change*; 3. *Eng could fall* due to 1. Translation tech; 2. Rejection of Eng (bc there is
*competition bt national identity AKA culture & communication* (bc of communication need, Eng could
be seen as unnecessary foreign influence and intrusion); however, *maybe English ahs become ethnically
neutral*; 3. *GL competitor if econ standings change* (maybe CHinese, but that's hard to learn).
New World Englishes - how we view deviations from standard English - correct answer ✔✔We see small
deviations made by dialect speakers to be acceptable and right if those people are L1 speakers, but
controversial as to whether non-native speakers can make changes without those changes being
considered ungrammatical.
New World Englishes - why English is changing - correct answer ✔✔L1 countries don't own it anymore.
USA has 20% of Eng speakers, and OC has a higher growth rate, so soon there will be many more L2
speakers.
New World Englishes - what Eng could become - correct answer ✔✔now, it is a unified GL; it could
become many different mutually intelligible dialects due to the fact that there are many dialects bt
countries.
New World Englishes - What Crystal says the standard will be if English becomes a bunch of dialects -
correct answer ✔✔World Standard Spoken Eng, used for inter-regional communication.
How British and American Eng are different - pronunciation - correct answer ✔✔1. Stress - in US, stress
is earlier on (FRUstrated). 2. 'T' bt vowels is a 'd' for Americans (bottle = boddle). 3. 'U' in tune - (More
like the vowel in 'do' for Americans; like the vowel in 'few' in BR).
How BR and AM Eng are different - vocab (4 ways they differ) - correct answer ✔✔1. Same word, diff
meaning (pants); 2a. Addl meaning in US (bathroom); 2b. Addl meaning in BR (smart); 3. Same word,
difference in style/connotation/frequency (autumn, to fancy); 4. Same concept with different word
(faucet vs. tap).
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