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Transfusion Medicine Study Material For Csmls Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions 100% Correct Rated A+ Latest Updated 2024$13.49
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Transfusion Medicine Study Material For
Csmls Questions And Answers With
Verified Solutions 100% Correct Rated
A+ Latest Updated 2024
What would be the laboratory findings in a patient with a partial D phenotype? -
ANSWER✔✔ Patient cells will react weakly to reagent anti-D antibody
What is the pathogenesis of alloanti-D antibodies in patients with a partial D
phenotype? - ANSWER✔✔ Patients lack certain antigenic components on their
own D antigens, so they make anti-D to any red cells that express the full D
protein.
Give some reasons why a patient that expresses an Rh D phenotype may be found
to have anti-D on screening. - ANSWER✔✔ - Clerical error
- Partial D RBC phenotype
- Passive acquisition of anti-D from a red cell transfusion
- Autoagglutinins
What are the two most common causes of anti-D alloantibody? - ANSWER✔✔
Alloimmunization through:
- Transfusion or
- Pregnancy
What percentage of D-negative patients will develop anti-D antibody if transfused
with D antigen positive red cells? - ANSWER✔✔ ~80%
,How much plasma is included in a unit of packed red cells that is preserved with
CPDA? - ANSWER✔✔ In CPDA units: 50 mL
What is the frequency of the k antigen in the donor population? - ANSWER✔✔ -
98.8%
- This means that, if a k− patient needs a transfusion because they have an anti-k
antibody, only 0.2% of donors will be compatible with this patient
Are anti-M antibodies IgG or IgM? Are they normally clinically significant? -
ANSWER✔✔ - Anti-M tends to be IgG
- Even though they are IgG, they are most often cold reactive antibodies and are
therefore clinically insignificant
What is the Cobalt (Co) antigen? - ANSWER✔✔ It is found on the plasma
membrane of red blood cells and renal tubular epithelial cells. It is on a protein
called aquaporin-1 (AQP1 gene product), which is responsible for water
homeostasis and urine concentration.
How frequent is the Co(a) antigen in the donor population? - ANSWER✔✔ -
Found in 99.8% of donors
- Thus finding Co(b) or Co-null blood is very difficult
Are anti-Co(a) antibodies IgG or IgM? Are they normally clinically significant? -
ANSWER✔✔ - Usually IgG antibodies
- Can cause hemolytic transfusion reaction and HDFN
,A post-transfusion blood sample has a positive DAT. What is the next appropriate
procedure? - ANSWER✔✔ An elution test should be performed to find the
antibody specificity.
Possible reasons for a panreactive antibody on DAT. - ANSWER✔✔ - Warm
autoantibody
- An antibody to a high incidence antigen
Is a DAT-positive donor unit likely to have clinically significant antibodies? -
ANSWER✔✔ No, because the antibodies bound to the donor red cells will stay
bound in vivo in the recipient.
The reactivity of blood group A is confirmed by detecting the presence of which
immunodominant sugar molecule? - ANSWER✔✔ The A gene codes for
production of N-acetylgalactosamine transferase, an enzyme which binds N-
acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to the H structure (L-fucose).
A mnemonic for remembering that the carbohydrate in blood group A is N-
acetylgalactosamine. - ANSWER✔✔ In my opinion, the best way to recognize the
full sugar name is to remember the abbreviation. GalNAc would likely point you
towards something containing a "...gal..." in the answer. -bbguy.org
Why do individuals with the Bombay phenotype (O(h)) lack alloanti-O antibodies?
- ANSWER✔✔ "O, please remember, is not an antigen, it's the lack of A and B
antigens, so anti-O is not a legitimate antibody." -bbguy.org
Which cells agglutinate most strongly with Ulex europaeus lectin? - ANSWER✔✔
This particular lectin, when tested against human red cells, closely parallels the
reactivity we'd expect to see if we used actual anti-H. The main blood groups
agglutinate with the following relative strength with anti-H or Ulex lectin: *O > A₂
, > B > A₂B > A₁ > A₁B*. Cells of Group O and A₂ not only have the most H
antigen of all the groups, but also have a molecular structure that leaves fucose
very accessible to anti-H. As a result, these cells agglutinate very strongly with
Ulex.
What are some characteristics of naturally occurring (non-alloimmune) antibodies
that distinguishes them from alloimmune (transfusion-related) antibodies? -
ANSWER✔✔ In short, naturally occurring antibodies are generally of the IgM
class, not able to cross the placenta, enhanced in reactivity by incubation at 4C, and
cause direct agglutination at room temperature.
ABOMNILS are red cell stimulated (not naturally occurring)
What ABH substances would be found in the saliva of a group B secretor? -
ANSWER✔✔ H and B. The secretor status of an individual (genotype SeSe or
Sese) determines the formation of H antigen in secretions, which in turn creates
opportunity for A and B antigen formation, if either (or both) gene is inherited
Can an individual of a secretor phenotype (genotype of SeSe or Sese) have O
antigen in their secretions? - ANSWER✔✔ No. There is no such thing as O
antigen!
The ABO system is the most important blood group system in transfusion safety.
Why? - ANSWER✔✔ ABO is the only blood group system in which reciprocal
antibodies are normally produced for the antigens an individual lacks AND the
ABO antibodies are capable of causing rapid, intravascular hemolysis.
An ABO discrepancy between forward and reverse grouping owing to weak-
reacting or missing antibodies could be BEST explained by _____. -
ANSWER✔✔ Patients with extreme ages (the very old or the very young). In the
very old and very young, the natural expression of isoagglutinins can either be
depressed or delayed, respectively
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