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NUTR 1323 FINAL || very Flawless.

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NUTR 1323

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NUTR 1323

Discuss the factors that regulate food intake and satiety correct answers Lesions in the lateral hypothalamus (hunger centre) has been linked to the lack of appetite, decrease food intake, and weight loss. Lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety centre) has been linked to overeating and...

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discuss the factors that regulate food intake and

Institution NUTR 1323
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NUTR 1323 FINAL || very Flawless.
Discuss the factors that regulate food intake and satiety correct answers Lesions in the lateral
hypothalamus (hunger centre) has been linked to the lack of appetite, decrease food intake, and
weight loss.
Lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus (satiety centre) has been linked to overeating and
obesity.
OTHER FACTORS
- appearance of food: humans like or dislike certain meals based on visual appearance, but does
your cat appreciate you buying fish-shaped food?
-Taste and/or odor of food: this is extremely important in all species
-Learned preferences and aversions: Almost everyone has an aversion to one or more types of
foods.
-Psychologic factors: mental states such as fear, depression and social interactions often affect
food intake
-Physical activity can effect appetite and food intake
-Illness: most animals when suffering from a virus etc will decrease the amount of food
consumption
-How much food you have on your plate
-How quickly you eat/ chew

Explain the basal metabolic rate and the factors that affect it correct answers Basal Metabolic
Rate (BMR) is basically the amount of energy that keeps your body functioning at rest. This
energy is used for basic life maintaining processes like maintaining heartbeat, temperature, blood
circulation, nerve function, and breathing.
Factors that affect BMR:
Age- decreases about 5% per decade after 40- b/c loss of lean muscle thus less energy is required
to maintain the body's vital processes
Gender- Men have a BMR 5-10% higher than women. Again because of their increased lean
muscle mass and less fat in their body.
Muscle Mass- More muscles burns more calories and results in higher BMR
Hormones- certain hormones are responsible for increasing or decreasing metabolism. e.g. a
decrease in thyroid hormone may lead to approximately 15% decrease in metabolism. Similarly,
there may be a 5% increase in boys metabolism during a woman luteal phase of the menstrual
cycle.
Caffeine, tobacco- Caffeine may increase metabolism by 7%, even tobacco causes up to 3-7%
increase in boys BMR
Stress and emotions- stress may lead to an increased production of stress hormones like
epinephrine and norepinephrine. This may also lead to an increased heart rate and respiratory
rate and an increased metabolism may be required to fulfill these needs.
Exercise: various forms of exercise can have different effects on our body. Strength training can
increase our body's metabolism chronically. This is because it causes an increase in the lean body
mass. Aerobic exercise and cardiovascular exercise do not have a significant role chronically
increasing body's BMR
Calorie Restriction- Restrictive diets may create a problem with he BMR. There can be an acute
decrease in base; metabolic rate which can be harmful for the individual.

, Discuss the role of physical activity in balancing the energy budget correct answers Most
Variable component, so its influence on weight gain and weight loss can be significant

use equations and tables to determine energy requirements correct answers The Estimated
Energy Requirement (EER) Equation factors in all of the following: Gender, Age, Activity
Level, Body weight

EER for men 19^
662- (9.53 x age) + PA x [ (15.91 x weight kg) + (539.6 x height m)]

EER for women 19^
354 - (6.91 x age) + PA [(9.36 x weight kg) + (726 x height m )]

PA= 1.2-1.9
1.2 no activity
1.9 extremely active

BMI- Weight in kg (lbs/2.2)/height in m2 (inches x2.54)

Discuss health risks of under and over nutrition correct answers Over nutrition is a state of
nutrition in which one of more of the component of a healthy diet are consumed to excess such
that adverse medical effects of that excessive intake are apparent and measurable.
Can lead to various medical conditions and diseases. The actual consequences of any particular
dietary intake depend on which components of the diet are being or have been consumed to
excess and to what extent.
Over nutrition can either be general or specific.
general: due to excessive amounts of food of any of all types, leading to obesity and the many
life-threatening conditions associated with it.
Specific: excess of a single nutrient. The health consequences depend on the nutrient and the
severity of excess. Different medical conditions, hence different symptoms and risks.

Undernutrition occurs when people do not eat (or absorb) enough nutrients to cover their needs
for energy and growth, or to maintain a healthy immune system. Micronutrient deficiencies are
sub-category of undernutrition and occur when the body lacks one or more micronutritients (iron,
iodine,zinc,vitamins,folate). These deficiencies usually affect growth and immunity but some
cause specific clinical conditions such a anaemia (iron deficiency) or hypothyroidism (iodine
deficiency).
Undernutrition is an important underlying cause of illness and death in africa especially among
women and young children.
The immediate causes of undernutrition are :
poor diets- meals may be low in quantity, nutrient density or variety, or even infrequently.
infants may get insufficient breastmilk.
Disease: particularly HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea, respiratory tract or ear infections, measles,
hookworms, and other gut parasites.
Underlying causes are:

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