WGU D118 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT FINAL EXAM /WITH
ALL CHAPTERS , 100% C0RRECT ANSWERS /GRADE A+.
PREMISE INDICATORS - CORRECT ANSWERS -BECAUSE, FOR, GIVEN THAT, AS,
SINCE, AS INDICATED BY.
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS - CORRECT ANSWERS -Arguments where the premises
guarantee or necessitate the conclusion.
-mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition.
INDUCTION ARGUMENTS - CORRECT ANSWERS -Arguments where the premises
make the conclusion probable.
-analogies, authority, causal inferences, extrapolations, etc.
INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION OR ABDUCTION - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct
explanation.
FORMAL FALLACY - CORRECT ANSWERS -Concerns the structure of an argument
INFORMAL FALLACY - CORRECT ANSWERS -Concerns the informational content of
an argument
A FORMAL FALLACY IS A TYPE OF - CORRECT ANSWERS -Bad Argument
Structure
Which piece of information would be the most helpful to know in assessing the
credibility of a news story? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Whether the name of the author
and the publication are identified
Which questions are most appropriate for evaluating the credibility of an information
source? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Who funded it? & Does it try to get you to distrust
other sources?
While researching a topic on the internet, a student encounters two different websites,
one of that looks more official than the other and includes tables, charts, and statistics,
while the other does not.
What is the line of reasoning this student should employ to determine which site is more
credible? - CORRECT ANSWERS -It is not feasible to determine which site is more
credible from the information provided.
In which way should an information source be approached if it is stating that it is the
only source of real information and that other sources cannot be trusted? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -Skeptically, because the source may lack credibility.
,PRINCIPLE OF CHARITY - CORRECT ANSWERS -The principle of charity suggests
we should try to understand ideas before criticizing them.
Which of the following are reasons for applying the principle of charity? - CORRECT
ANSWERS -It is morally right to give others the benefit of the doubt.
It allows for a clearer understanding of the issue.
Smith is committed to the belief that technological advancement is always beneficial
and thus never detrimental to human life. Smith reads a carefully written and sufficiently
argued essay in which the author contends that the human adoption of any new
technology involves both advantages and disadvantages to its adopters. Since Smith is
a loyal technophile, Smith accepts the author's claims about the advantages of
technology but rejects the author's claims about the disadvantages of technology.
Which cognitive bias is Smith demonstrating? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Confirmation
Bias
CONFIRMATION BIAS - CORRECT ANSWERS -the tendency to interpret new
evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.
COGNITIVE BIAS - CORRECT ANSWERS -a systematic thought process caused by
the tendency of the human brain to simplify information processing through a filter of
personal experience and preferences.
HEURISTICS - CORRECT ANSWERS -are practical rules of thumb that manifest as
mental shortcuts in judgment and decision-making.
Which sentence reflects strong critical thinking? - CORRECT ANSWERS -"In any event,
our purpose is to better understand the relevant issues so that we may make an
informed decision on the topic."
Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which
reversal is not possible, it follows that we need to institute a new economic policy, and
we need to act quickly.Which two statements contain premises of the given argument? -
CORRECT ANSWERS -We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.
& Inflation is rising rapidly.
"Products manufactured in our country are the best because we make the best
automobiles," declared Kennedy. Which two descriptors best characterize Kennedy's
comments? - CORRECT ANSWERS -An inference & A weak argument & A proposition
Which sentence is a non-proposition?
- If the burglar did not go out the front door, they must have gone out a window.
- The earth is the third planet from the sun.
- Where are the keys to my car?
,- Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. - CORRECT ANSWERS -Where
are the keys to my car?
Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where is the president
right now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition?
- Where is the president right now?
- Did the company really close that deal?
- Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
- It has had a great year. - CORRECT ANSWERS -It has had a great year.
Propositions - CORRECT ANSWERS -Statements that can be true or false.
Non-propositions - CORRECT ANSWERS -Sentences that are not statements about
matters of fact (or fiction). They do not make a claim that can be true or false.
Which sentence expresses a complex proposition?
- Birthday parties can be really fun.
- The cat ate the food, but did not like it.
- Too many employees are used to high-stress work environments in the United States.
- Why did the monkey escape, and who is responsible? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The
cat ate the food, but did not like it.
If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a new one or will not
be able to keep up productivity.
Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into the simple
propositions?
- If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to buy a new one. The company
will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company
will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one or will not be
able to keep up productivity.
- The company does not have enough computers. - CORRECT ANSWERS -The
computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will
not be able to keep up productivity.
Simple propositions - CORRECT ANSWERS -Simple propositions have no internal
logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether
part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own.
, Complex propositions - CORRECT ANSWERS -Complex propositions have internal
logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether they are
true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false.
If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time. How many
times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness? Nobody likes a 7 a.m.
start time, but it was in the job description. We should remind the new employee how
important this is.
Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph?
- The new employee wants to succeed.
- How many times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness?
- The employees look out for each other.
- If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time. -
CORRECT ANSWERS -The new employee wants to succeed.
The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively affects many of
us. Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are
not sure where they can go to get care. What can be done to improve this? If changes
are not made soon, the problem will only get worse.
Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph?
- Many people are not sure where they can go to get care.
- The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively affects many of
us.
- What can be done to improve this?
- Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are
not sure where they can go to get care. - CORRECT ANSWERS -Many people are not
sure where they can go to get care.
Bad inferential structure - CORRECT ANSWERS -Every argument with the same
structure as this argument is bad (invalid or weak). The premises do not, in fact,
demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion. In other words, we can accept the
premises as true without being compelled to accept the conclusion. There is something
wrong with this argument's general structure.
False premise - CORRECT ANSWERS -This particular argument has a
premise/assumption that is false. There is something wrong with this argument's
particular content.
Conclusion Indicators - CORRECT ANSWERS -Therefore, so, it follows that, hence,
thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result
Premise Indicators - CORRECT ANSWERS -Because, for, given that, in that, as, since,
as indicated by
