,Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
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MULTIPLE CHOICE ;v;|
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
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b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
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ANS: C ;v;|
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
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surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
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metabolic absorption.
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2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
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a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome ; v ; | ; v ; |
ANS: C ;v;|
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of
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RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the
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histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s
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genetic information.
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3. Whichcomponent ofthecellprodNuUceRsSIhNyGd Tr oBg.CenO M
;v;| peroxide (H2O2)byusingoxygento ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v| ;v| ;v| ;v| ;v;| ;v| ;v;| ;v| ; v ; | ;v;| ;v| ;v;| ;v;|
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
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a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes ;v;|
ANS: B ;v;|
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that
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produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it
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accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes
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(nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
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through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are
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saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40
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digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic
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acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production.
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4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
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injury?
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a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ;v;| ;v;|
b. Golgi complex ;v;| d. Lysosomes
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;v;| ANS: D ;v;|
, The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
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enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the
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cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular
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injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their
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specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other options do not correctly
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describe this process.
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5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas
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cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
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a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the
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cell membrane.
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b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
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the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the
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cell membrane.
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c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to
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the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell
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membrane.
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d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
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the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell
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membrane.
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ANS: A ;v;|
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA byRNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome
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for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. The
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other options do not correctly describe this process.
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NURSINGTB.COM
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6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M ; v ; |
ANS: B ;v;|
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is
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the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S
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phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the
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G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
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completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which
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includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
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7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
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receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active
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pumps?
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a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates ; v; |
ANS: C ;v;|
, Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and
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out of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged
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particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
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monosaccharides; and
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(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of certain
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ions, particularlypotassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of other
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ions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the extracellular
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environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which
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human diseases?
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a. Cardiac and vascular disorders ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
ANS: B ;v;|
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
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including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. The other options do
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not correctly describe this process.
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9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
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NURSINGTB.COM
membrane?
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a. Carbohydrate chains ;v;| c. Membrane channel proteins ;v;| ;v;|
b. Glycoprotein channels ;v;| d. Lipid bilayer;v;| ;v;|
ANS: D ;v;|
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma
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membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in
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water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region.
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The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances
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while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide
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(CO2), to diffuse through it readily. The other options do not correctly describe this
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process.
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10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
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a. How a cell membrane functions ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
b. Whyour bodies appear to be solid ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
c. How tissue is differentiated ;v;| ;v;| ;v;|
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
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ANS: A ;v;|
The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
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self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The remaining
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options do not explain the mosaic model.
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