Class notes
PSYC 330 Exam 3 Preparatory Notes
- Course
- PSYC 330
- Institution
- State University Of New York - Binghamton
Detailed and comprehensive exam Preparatory Notes for Psyc 330. *Essential Study Material!!
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History● Strong association with human society
○ Fermentation is said to have developed in parallel with civilization
● Speculation that human alcohol use is linked evolutionarily to a preference for a
fermenting fruit
○ Presence of ethanol signals fruit is ripe but not yet rotten
● Earliest records of distilled spirits appeared in china - 1000 BC
○ Alchemists were captivated by the invisible “spirit”
■ Remedy for almost all diseases
● Whiskey is derived from usquebaugh
○ Gaelic for water of life
○ Becomes major ingredient of many tonics and elixirs
● Alcohol
○ Methyl (wood alcohol)
■ Produced synthetically
■ Antifreeze, fuel
○ Ethyl (grain alcohol)
■ Produced by fermentation - can be consumed
○ Isopropyl (rubbing alcohol)
■ Not naturally occurs
■ And can kill you if you consume just like methyl
● How do you make ethyl alcohol
○ Fermentation
■ Organic material with sugar content
■ Yeast (from air) consumes the sugar
● 1 molecule of sugar consumed
● 2 molecules of alcohol + 2 molecule of carbon dioxide
○ Distillation
■ Fermented beverage is heated to a vapor, which is then cooled
■ What is the purpose of this
■ Becomes more concentrated
● Consumption changes across history
○ The average american drinker:
○ 1800s
■ 4-5 standard drinks per day
○ Currently
■ 3-4 drinks per week
● Us alcohol use (2019 NSDUH)
○ Highest consumption in college age
○ 52.5% (18-22 years) drank in the past month
, ○ 33% binge drink (5% or more drink on an occasion) in the past month
○ 8.2% engaged in heavy drinking (5 or more drinks on an occasion on 5 or more
occasions per month) in the past month
● Alcohol content of various beverages
○ Beer - 4-6% - 8-12 proof
○ Wine - 7-15% - 14-30 proof
○ Spirits - 40-95% - 80 - 190 proof
● Alcohol beverage equivalents: standard drinks
○ 12 oz beer or cooler which is 5% alcohol
○ 8-9 oz of malt liquor
○ 5 oz of table wine
○ 1.5 oz of liquor, vodka, gin, bourbon
● Broad scope
○ Economic burden >200b/year
■ Medical and social impacts
○ 100,000 deaths/year
○ 15.1 million (1:20) meet criteria for alcohol use disorder (2015)
■ Diagnosis and treatment often delayed until disease is advance
● Complicated by social and health issues → difficult to treat
■ Among the diseases with genetic and environmental influences
● Stigmas and moral failures impede recognition and treatment of
alcohol problems
● ADMET(T)
○ Large amounts required for physiological effects
■ Consumption more like a food than a drug
● Serving size is about 14g in a typical beer, glass of wine, or shot
● consumed/dosage in gram quantities
● Absorption
○ Oral route of administration
■ Most common method
○ Inhalation
■ AWOL (alcohol w/ out liquid)
■ Vaportini
■ Higher blood alcohol levels (BALs)
■ Banned in most states
○ Powdered alcohol (palcohol)
■ Approved in 2016
■ Banned in 31 states
○ Simple small molecule
■ Soluble in water and lipids
, ■ Neutral particle - diffuses easily through membranes
○ Rapidly absorbed into bloodstream
■ Stomach (slower) and small intestine (faster)
■ Distributes into total body water
○ What about food in the stomach
■ It will slow down ethanol absorption → lower BAL
● Distribution
○ Weight
○ Gender
■ muscle/fat ratio greater for men
○ Age
○ Distributed throughout the body
■ 90% reaches blood → crosses blood brain barrier
● Blood alcohol level/concentration (BAL/BAC)
○ Concentration of alcohol in blood
○ Metric measurements and percent
■ BAL expressed in mg of alcohol per 100 millimeters (deciliter)
● 80 mg/dL → .08g/100mL → .08%
○ Legal limit is .08% (80mg/dL ~17mM)
○ Standard drink contains ~30mg/dL
○ Age 20 weight 170 lbs gender male
○ Drinking time 3 hrs
○ Drinks - 3 patron shots
● Alcohol metabolism in the liver
○ Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system - utilized cytochrome p450
■ Byproducts include toxins, free radicals and H2O2
○ Acetaldehyde - toxic and may be involved in the hangover
Alcohol (ethanol) cont
● Metabolism cont
○ Liver metabolizes majority of ethanol
○ Fatty acids build up in liver
■ Leads to cell death
■ Alcoholic fatty liver → alcoholic hepatitis → cirrhosis → liver failure
○ Some breakdown in stomach
■ Males > females
● Excretion
○ ~2-8% unchanged through lungs
■ Breathalyzers useful for determining BAL
○ 90-95% oxidized slowly (kidney)
○ Alcohol increases urination
, ■ Ingestion of liquid
■ Suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
● Pharmacodynamics
○ “Dirty” drug - in the way the mechanism of actions have been identified
■ Ethanol can do all things to systems in the brain and in the body
■ Shifts the balance between the excitatory and inhibitory in the brain
● Mechanism of action
○ Alcohol can enhance the inhibition in the brain (GABAa) and decreases the
excitation (glutamate) in the brain → these are the acute effects
○ Disturbs fine balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences
■ Result in anxiolysis, amnesia, ataxia and sedation
○ Number of putative sites of action have been identified
■ Likely produces its effects by simultaneously altering function of
numerous proteins that affect neuronal excitability
● Additional sites of action
○ Ligand gated ion channels
■ Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
■ Serotonin (5-HT3) receptors
○ Multiple metabotropic receptors
■ Dopamine receptors
■ Opioid receptors
○ Voltage gated channels
■ Calcium channels
■ Sodium channels
● Behavioral effects
○ Acute intoxication (non tolerant individuals)
● Peripheral effects
○ Dilates blood vessels - open them up
○ Decreases body temp
○ Increases effect of other depressant drugs
● Tolerance and dependence
○ Acute tolerance
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