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UNITEK LVN Term 2 Cardiac Disorders test questions and answers.
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UNITEK LVN Term 2 Cardiac Disorders test questions and answers.
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UNITEK LVN |Term 2 | Cardiac
Disorders test
questions and
answers
anatomy
chambers
- two upper atria (right and left)
- two lower ventricles (right and left)
muscle layers
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
valves
- atrioventricular valves: mitral and tricuspid
- semilunar valves: aortic and pulmonic
heart sounds
1st heart sound = "lub"
- occurs when ventricles contract during systole and
when mitral and tricuspid valves close
2nd heart sound = "dub"
,- occurs during ventricular relax or diastole and
when aortic and pulmonic valves close
- low diastole is the goal
- apical pulse = quality of the heart sounds
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coronary blood flow
left coronary artery = branches into left anterior
descending and circumflex branches
right coronary artery = supply the sinoatrial (SA) node and
the atroventricular (AV) nodes, the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle
(RV) and the inferior part of the left ventricle (LV)
SA node = pacemaker of the heart
atrial fibrillation = problems in the SA node
sound of atriofibrillation = skips/inconsistent
venous system parallells the arterial system
- great cardiac vein → left anterior descendng artery
- small cardiac vein → right coronary artery
- veins meet to form the coronary sinus (largest coronary vein) = returns
deoxygenated blood from the myocardium → right atrium
conduction
, •SA node, called the pacemaker, initiates the impulse
•The impulse is carried throughout the atria to the AV node, located on
the floor of the RA
•Impulse is delayed in the AV node, then transmitted to
the ventricles through the bundle of His
•The bundle of His is made up of Purkinje cells and is located where the
atrial and ventricular septa meet
•Bundle of His divides into left and right bundle branches
•Left branch divides into anterior and posterior branches: fascicles
•Terminal ends of right and left branches: the Purkinje fibers
•When impulse reaches Purkinje fibers, ventricles contract
Cardiac innervation
Heart innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the
autonomic nervous system
•Sympathetic fibers distributed throughout the heart
•Sympathetic stimulation results in increased heart rate, increased speed
of conduction through the AV node, and more forceful contractions
•Parasympathetic fibers (part of the vagus nerve) found primarily in
the SA and AV nodes and the atrial tissue
•Parasympathetic stimulation results in slowing of heart rate, slowing of
conduction through the AV node, and decreased strength of contraction
Cardiac Function
Cardiac cycle
•Contraction and relaxation of the heart make up one heartbeat
Cardiac output
•Amount of blood (in liters) ejected per minute
•Factors that affect stroke volume: preload, contractility, and afterload
Myocardial oxygen consumption
•Myocardial tissue routinely needs 70% to 75% of the oxygen delivered to
it by the coronary arteries
age-related changes
Heart
•Increased density of connective tissue and decreased elasticity
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