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Samenvatting criminaliteit en samenleving
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Criminaliteit en samenleving1. CONTENTS
1. Criminaliteit als maatschappelijk vraagstuk ................................................................................... 5
1.1 Twee belangrijke denkbeelden: "afwijkende individu" – "rationele individu"....................... 5
1.1.1 Het afwijkende individu (“het monster”)........................................................................ 5
1.1.2 Rationele Individu ........................................................................................................... 7
1.1.3 Waarom kunnen we criminaliteit niet reduceren tot de handelingen van (afwijkende)
individuen?.................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.4 Belangrijke inzichten - Smith (2008: 339) ..................................................................... 12
1.2 Hoe is sociale orde mogelijk?................................................................................................ 13
1.2.1 Talcott Parsons (1902- 1979) (is een van de oervaders) ............................................................. 13
1.2.2 Normen en waarden (wat zijn ze nu concreet? ) .......................................................... 14
1.2.3 Wat betekenen de normen en waarden in de samenleving? : ..................................... 15
1.3 Hoe verklaart het ‘Waarden en Normen’ perspectief criminaliteit ...................................... 16
1.3.1 Subcultuur denken ........................................................................................................ 17
1.4 neutraliseringstechnieken : Sykes en Matza......................................................................... 21
1.4.1 Neutraliseringstechnieken: Ze overtreden hun waarden en normen waarin ze zelf
geloven door neutralisatietechnieken. ......................................................................................... 23
1.4.2 David Matza (1930 – 2018) ........................................................................................... 24
1.5 mensen interageren met elkaar............................................................................................ 26
1.5.1 criminaliteit als collectieve actie ................................................................................... 26
1.5.2 interactiepatronen ........................................................................................................ 29
1.6 Samenleving als een interactie proces ................................................................................. 29
1.6.1 George Herbert Mead (1863 – 1931)............................................................................ 29
1.6.2 Kerninzichten ................................................................................................................ 29
1.6.3 Herbert Blumer (1900 – 1987) ...................................................................................... 30
1.7 een steeds kleinere wereld ................................................................................................... 31
1.7.1 Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) ....................................................................................... 31
1.8 macht maakt intrinsiek deel uit van menselijk handelen (interactieve) .............................. 33
1.8.1 Norbert Elias (1897- 1990) (1ste dimensie) .................................................................. 33
1.8.2 Kerninzichten ................................................................................................................ 33
1.8.3 Solomon Ash (1907- 1996) (2de dimensie) ................................................................... 34
1.9 Master status [aka enkelvoudig verhaal] .............................................................................. 35
1.9.1 Evertt C. Hughes (1897 – 1983) .................................................................................... 35
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, 1.9.2 Erving Goffman (1922-1982) ......................................................................................... 37
1.10 Identiteit ............................................................................................................................... 38
1.10.1 Hoe we onszelf beschrijven, hoe we anderen beschrijven etc. .................................... 38
1.10.2 Superdiversiteit ............................................................................................................. 39
1.10.3 Waarom is de beoordeling van gedrag belangrijk om deviantie te begrijpen? ............ 39
1.10.4 In wat volgt… ................................................................................................................. 40
1.11 kritische theorie: ................................................................................................................... 41
1.11.1 Karl Max (5mei 1818 – 14 Maart 1883) ........................................................................ 41
1.11.2 Enkele belangrijke begrippen! ...................................................................................... 42
1.12 surveillance kapitalisme ........................................................................................................ 43
1.12.1 Vals bewustzijn.............................................................................................................. 44
1.13 Postcolonial studies – Edward Said....................................................................................... 45
1.14 Daderschap als maatschappelijk gesitueerde biografie ....................................................... 46
1.14.1 De levensloop criminologie (tekst lezen) ...................................................................... 46
1.14.2 De leeftijdscriminaliteitscurve (tekst) ........................................................................... 46
1.14.3 Delinquency in a birth cohort: ...................................................................................... 47
1.14.4 Maatschappelijk gesitueerde biografie: ....................................................................... 47
2. Cybercriminaliteit.......................................................................................................................... 48
2.1 Kinderpornografie ................................................................................................................. 48
2.1.1 De productie en het verspreiden van materiaal waarop kindermisbruik te zien is blijft
erg problematisch ......................................................................................................................... 48
2.1.2 Kinderen en jongeren zijn steeds vaker slachtoffer van materiaal dat ze zelf hebben
gemaakt 49
2.2 online Fraude ........................................................................................................................ 50
2.2.1 Impact Covid-19 ............................................................................................................ 50
2.2.2 Phising en social engineering ........................................................................................ 50
2.3 Cyberafhankelijke criminaliteit ............................................................................................. 51
2.3.1 Ransomeware ............................................................................................................... 51
2.3.2 Malware ........................................................................................................................ 51
2.3.3 DDos .............................................................................................................................. 51
2.3.4 RDDos ............................................................................................................................ 51
2.3.5 Crime-as-a-service (CaaS) ! ........................................................................................... 52
2.4 Dark Web .............................................................................................................................. 52
2.4.1 Routine activiteit theorie .............................................................................................. 52
2.4.2 Rationele keuzetheorie (kosten baten afwegen).......................................................... 53
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, 2.5 Het cyborg crimi-perspectief (cyborg= wezen dat mens en machine is) .............................. 54
3. georganiseerde criminaliteit ......................................................................................................... 56
3.1 georganiseerde criminaliteit definiëren ............................................................................... 56
3.1.1 United Nations Convention against - Transnational Organized Crime ......................... 56
3.1.2 Discussies over de definitie van georganiseerde criminaliteit...................................... 56
3.2 dominante denkbeelden over georganiseerde criminaliteit ................................................ 57
3.2.1 Homo economicus en efficiente markten (idee van rationele onderneming) ( 1 ste
vaststelling) ................................................................................................................................... 57
3.2.2 Dader van georganiseerde criminaliteit hebben bijzondere kenmerken (2de
vaststelling) ................................................................................................................................... 57
3.2.3 Onzichtbaar, geheim en besloten ................................................................................. 58
3.3 groepen ................................................................................................................................. 59
3.3.1 Yakuza: Japanse georganiseerde criminaliteit. ............................................................. 59
3.3.2 Triades ........................................................................................................................... 60
3.3.3 Sinaloa Cartel ................................................................................................................ 61
3.3.4 Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) ............................................................................................ 61
3.3.5 'Ndrangheta .................................................................................................................. 61
3.4 Georganiseerde criminaliteit is maatschappelijk verankerd ................................................ 62
3.4.1 Kernbevindingen ........................................................................................................... 62
3.5 Europese uitdagingen ........................................................................................................... 63
3.6 Empact .................................................................................................................................. 63
4. Gastspreker – kristof boesh – collectief geweld. .......................................................................... 64
4.1 Auschwitz .............................................................................................................................. 64
4.1.1 Kolonisatie van Polen door Duitsland ........................................................................... 64
4.1.2 The zone of interest (film)= beeldt het daderschap van WOII af ................................. 64
4.1.3 de fotoboeken ............................................................................................................... 65
4.1.4 strafrecht....................................................................................................................... 65
4.1.5 denkkader ..................................................................................................................... 65
4.2 verklaringen .......................................................................................................................... 66
5. Terrorisme en radicalisering ......................................................................................................... 69
5.1 Terrorisme als individualiseerbaar probleem? (antw: NEEEN) ............................................. 69
5.1.1 Terrorisme als pathologie ............................................................................................. 69
5.1.2 Terrorisme en de bestrijding van het kwade ................................................................ 70
5.1.3 Terrorisme als rationele keuze...................................................................................... 72
5.2 Terrorisme als maatschappelijk vraagstuk............................................................................ 73
3
, 5.2.1 Waarom is terrorisme een maatschappelijk vraagstuk? .............................................. 73
5.3 Trends ................................................................................................................................... 75
5.3.1 Terrorisme is gesitueerd in tijd en plaats ..................................................................... 75
5.3.2 Overzicht 2022 (global Terrorism index – 2023)........................................................... 75
5.3.3 Trends (Global Terrorism index – 2024) ....................................................................... 77
5.3.4 Specifieke kenmerken van het fenomeen terrorisme .................................................. 77
5.3.5 Interacties tussen terroristische groepen en georganiseerde criminaliteit ................. 78
5.3.6 Jamaat Nusrat al-islam muslimeen (JNIM) ................................................................... 80
5.3.7 israël vs. Palestina ......................................................................................................... 80
5.3.8 gatekeepers................................................................................................................... 82
5.3.9 besluit............................................................................................................................ 82
5.3.10 Terrorisme in de EU ...................................................................................................... 83
5.3.11 Rechtsextremistische terrorisme .................................................................................. 83
5.3.12 Links-extremistisch en anarchistisch terrorisme .......................................................... 85
5.4 Effecten van beleid ............................................................................................................... 86
5.4.1 Genetica ........................................................................................................................ 86
5.4.2 Evolutionair proces van partnerkeuze .......................................................................... 87
5.4.3 Maatschappelijke structuren ........................................................................................ 87
5.5 Geweld .................................................................................................................................. 88
5.5.2 Geweld of interpersoonlijk niveau ................................................................................ 89
5.5.3 Geweld op maatschappelijk niveau .............................................................................. 89
5.6 Belangrijke vraagstukken in de aanpak van terrorisme - Deradicalisering........................... 90
5.6.1 Preventie-door-detectie................................................................................................ 90
5.6.2 De 3 L's .......................................................................................................................... 90
5.6.3 A Culture if sucpicion (chan, 2008) ............................................................................... 91
5.6.4 Herpluralisering............................................................................................................. 91
6. gastles: Gewelddadig extremisme door de lens van neutraliseringstheorie................................ 92
6.1 neutralisatietheorie .............................................................................................................. 92
6.2 The Christchurch (Nieuw Zeeland) mosque shootings (15 maart 2019) .............................. 93
6.2.1 manifesto-analyse aanpak ............................................................................................ 94
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