change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature
thermal energy for a change in state = mass × specific latent heat E = ml
for a given mass of gas at a constant temperature:
p V = constant
pressure × volume = constant
HT pressure due to a column of liquid = height of column × density of liquid × gravitational field strength p = hρg
J249 01/02/03/04
P2 Forces
2
distance travelled = speed × time
change in velocity v–u
acceleration = a=
time t
(final velocity)2 – (initial velocity)2 = 2 × acceleration × distance v 2 – u 2 = 2 as
1 1
kinetic energy = × mass × (speed)2 E = mv 2
2 2
force = mass × acceleration F = ma
HT momentum = mass × velocity p = mv
work done = force × distance (along the line of action of the force) W = Fs
work done W
P=
power = time t
force exerted by a spring = spring constant × extension F = kx
1 1
energy transferred in stretching = × spring constant × (extension)2 E = kx 2
2 2
gravitational force = mass × gravitational field strength W = mg
gravitational potential energy = mass × gravitational field strength × height E = mgh
force normal to a surface F
p=
pressure = A
area of that surface
moment of a force = force × distance (normal to direction of the force) M = Fd
P3 Electricity
J249 01/02/03/04
charge flow = current × time
3
potential difference = current × resistance V = IR
energy transferred = charge × potential difference E = QV
power = potential difference × current P = VI
power = (current)2 × resistance P = I2 R
energy transferred = power × time E = Pt
P4 Magnetism and magnetic fields
HT force on a conductor (at right angles to a magnetic field) carrying a current:force
F = BIl
= magnetic flux density × current × length
HT potential difference across primary coil number of turns in primary coil Vp Np
=
= V N
potential difference across secondary coil number of turns in secondary coil
P5 Waves in matter
wave speed = frequency × wavelength v = fλ
P7 Energy
useful output energy transfer
efficiency =
input energy transfer
P8 Global challenges
potential difference across primary coil × current in primary coil = potential difference across secondary coil × current in secondary coil Vp Ip = Vs Is
J249 01/02/03/04
4
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