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Samenvatting - Hersenen en gedrag ()
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Samenvatting brain and behavior deeltentamen 1
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VOOR MORGEN MOET DUS WORDEN VOORBEREID: H.1 Cacioppo (pp. 3-32, in het bijzonder ook Summary 1.3); Kalat 1.1 (pp. 34-45); Kalat 4.1 (pp.
136-148).
: Genetica, Neuronen, Kalat Module 4.1 (p. 136‐148) en H.1 (p. 35‐68)
Inhoud
Cacioppo...................................................................................................1
biological psychology.............................................................................8
Kalat 1.1..................................................................................................11
Three Main Points to Remember:.........................................................12
Neuroethics..........................................................................................14
1.2..............................................................................................................15
1.3..............................................................................................................15
Kalat 4.1.....................................................................................................15
Mendelian Genetics.................................................................................15
Homozygoot en heterozygoot..............................................................18
Seks-linked en seks-limited..................................................................19
Epignetica............................................................................................22
Heritability..............................................................................................24
Genen en gedrag.................................................................................25
The Evolution of Behavior.......................................................................26
Misunderstandings about Evolution.....................................................27
Evolutionary Psychology......................................................................28
Samenvatting boek:.............................................................................28
Cacioppo
Psychology helps us understand why we do the things we do by providing
a context for understanding the mind and behavior.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, which includes thought,
emotion, and behavior; the objective study of the mind.
Gaat primair over gedrag
Mentale processen – gedrag wordt bepaald door mentale processen
o Moeilijk te meten want abstract begrip (waarnemen bijv) – zijn
mentale processen meetbaar?
, o Zweetreacties/tranen meten is wel makkelijk – zo emotionele
reactie meten additionele reactiebron- systemen naast het
gedrag
o Waarneming; Als iemand zegt dat hij iets niet ziet, hebben
we dan een meting van een mentaal proces?
We kunnen meten, maar willen weten wrm gedrag vertoond wordt. Wat
verklaart gedrag?
- Je weet nog niks over ‘onderliggend mechanisme’
- Andere vragen kunnen we misschien wel beantwoorden op basis v
an alleen gedrag cognitieve psychologie
Introspection: A personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings,
and behavior.
Fortunately, innovations in the methods used to investigate brain activity
and behavior, such as brain imaging technologies, have allowed
psychologists to revisit the question of mental processes and brain
functions with greater objectivity and success.
The psychology family tree is a hybrid with two major roots: philosophy
and the natural sciences. Psychologists answer questions traditionally
posed by philosophers using scientific research methods of the natural
sciences; philosophy: The discipline that systematically examines basic
concepts, including the source of knowledge. natural sciences: Sciences
that study the physical and biological events that occur in nature.
Een van de belangrijkste vragen in de filosofie en psychologie is of de
geest (of het brein) aangeboren is of gevormd wordt door ervaringen. Dit
onderwerp wordt al heel lang bediscussieerd:
1. Filosofen zoals Aristoteles (384–322 v.Chr.) geloofden dat alle
kennis voortkomt uit zintuiglijke ervaringen. Dit betekent dat we
alles wat we weten, leren door wat we zien, horen, ruiken, proeven,
en voelen in de wereld om ons heen.
2. In de 17e eeuw werd dit idee verder ontwikkeld in de Britse
filosofische stroming van het empirisme. Empiristen, zoals John
Locke, zagen de geest van een pasgeboren kind als een
“onbeschreven blad” (tabula rasa), dat vervolgens gevuld wordt met
ideeën en kennis door observaties van de wereld.
3. Hedendaagse psychologen zijn van mening dat ervaring een
interactie aangaat met aangeboren eigenschappen om de geest te
vormen. Bijvoorbeeld, intelligentie wordt beïnvloed door zowel
genetica (erfelijkheid) als door ervaringen (zoals opvoeding en
scholing).
4. Een voorbeeld uit de praktijk: In de jaren 1970 werd opgemerkt
dat Roemeense weeskinderen, die op jonge leeftijd geadopteerd
werden, konden herstellen van de ernstige verwaarlozing die zij
hadden ondergaan. Maar kinderen die langere tijd in die slechte
omstandigheden bleven, hadden meer ernstige cognitieve
(denk)problemen.
, Philosophers and psychologists share an interest in questions regarding
the nature of the self, the effects of early experience, the existence of free
will, and the origin of knowledge. Both disciplines consider the relative
balance of biological factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture)
in the resulting human behavior. Both attempt to determine the
relationships between self-interest and community welfare, between body
and mind, and between humans and other species with which we share
the planet.
Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists armed with new
technologies, including the light microscope made important discoveries
that established the mind as physical rather than magical. For example,
they demonstrated that a single sensory nerve carried one type of
information instead of multiple types. -- When a thigh was touched,
participants reacted faster than when a toe was touched. Because the toe
is farther from the brain than the thigh, signals from the toe required more
time to reach the brain. These types of discoveries convinced scientists
that the mind was not supernatural and could be studied scientifically.
very first psychologist goes to Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), a former
research assistant to von Helmholtz, who conducted the first documented
psychological experiment in 1879. This landmark experiment was a simple
test of reaction time: How quickly after hearing a ball drop onto a platform
could a person respond by striking a telegraph key?
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