Summary
Summary Biol 174 Final Exam Study Guide
- Course
- Bio 174
- Institution
- Bloomsburg University Of Pennsylvania
This is a comprehensive and detailed final exam study guide for Biol 174.
[Show more]
Content preview
1Study Guide for Final
Anatomy & Physiology 2
Dr. Surmacz
Chapter 19 – Blood:
What is the Cardiovascular System?
System that provides the body’s cells with nutrients and oxygen and
removes wastes
Includes heart, vessels and blood
Blood is a connective tissue
Functions of Blood:
Transport of nutrients, gases and wastes
Stabilizes body temperature
Buffer – regulates pH
Defense against bacteria, disease-causing organisms and toxins
Prevent blood loss – clotting
Physical Characteristics of Blood:
Temperature
o Normal – 100.4 F or 38 C
o Slightly higher than body temperature
Viscosity
o 5x more viscous than water!
o Stickiness; cohesiveness
o Resistant to flow
Solute Concentration
o Equivalent to 0.9% NaCl
o ISOTONIC
pH
o -log[H+]
o Normal: 7.35-7.45
o Slightly basic
Percent of Body Weight
o 7%
Blood Volume
o Males: 5-6 liters
o Females: 4-5 liters
Collecting Blood for Analysis
Venipuncture. Why?
o Low pressure
o Superficial
o Thin walled
,2
Peripheral Capillaries
o Fingertip
o Used to determine blood glucose, cholesterol, hemoglobin, etc.
Arterial Puncture
o Blood gases
Fractionated Blood
The components have been separated by centrifugation
Hematocrit = (volume of packed red cells)/(volume of whole blood)
o Normal: 45%
Plasma Composition
Water
o 92%
o Main component
o Dissolved gases
Plasma Proteins
o Albumin
60% of proteins
Contribute to the osmotic pressure
Solute
o Globulins
35% of proteins
Immunoglobulins
Defense
Transport Globulins
Hormone binding globulins
o Hormones
Metalloproteins
o Metals and iron
Lipoproteins
o Lipids and cholesterol
Steroid binding proteins
o Testosterone and estrogen
o Fibrinogen
4%
Involved in blood clotting
o Regulatory Proteins
1%
Hormones and enzymes
Other Solutes
o 1%
o Electrolytes
Salts/ions = conduct electrical currents
Main: sodium
,3
Others: potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium,
bicarbonate, sulfate, phosphate
o Organic Nutrients
Main: glucose,
Others: cholesterol, amino acids, fatty acids
o Organic Wastes
Main: urea
Others: uric acid, bilirubin, ammonia
The Formed Elements: Erythrocytes
Abundance: most abundance of the formed elements
Males: 4.5-6.3 million RBC/mm3
Females: 4.2-5.3 million RBC/mm3
Erythrocyte Structure:
Biconcave disk
Very specialized for function
Lacks nucleus and organelles
Significance of Shape
o Can bend and flex
Important when going through capillaries
o Can stack
Allows them to flow easily through capillaries
o Large surface area
Very good for gas exchange
Hemoglobin:
Structure
o 4 protein chains
o 4 heme groups
Functions
o Transports oxygen
Normal concentration
o Males: 14-18 g/100mL of blood
o Females: 12-16 g/100mL of blood
Occurrence of Erythropoiesis:
Embryo
o Yolk sac (8 weeks)
Fetus
o (2 months-5 months)
o Liver and speen
Adult
o Red bone marrow
, 4
Stages of RBC Maturation:
Starts with myeloid stem cells
Day 1: Proerythroblast
Day 2: Basophilic Erythroblast and hemoglobin is synthesized
Day 3: Polychromatophilic Erythroblast and hemoglobin is synthesized
Day 4: Normoblast, hemoglobin is synthesized and nucleus is ejected
Days 5-7: Reticulocyte, contains some ER, enters blood circulation,
0.8% in blood
Mature RBC in blood stream
Requirements:
Amino acids to make globulin
Iron to make heme
Vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid
Regulation:
Stimulated by hypoxia
Tells the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO)
EPO goes to red bone marrow
Erythropoiesis and oxygen carrying capacity are increased
Lifespan and Fate of Erythrocytes:
~120 days
10% rupture
90% are engulfed by macrophages
Macrophages do the following
o Breakdown RBC into hemoglobin
o Hemoglobin into heme groups and globin
o Globin breaks down into amino acids that are used by
macrophage
o Heme groups break down into iron and heme
o Iron goes to blood stream
o Heme breaks down into biliverdin
o Biliverdin breaks down into bilirubin
o Bilirubin goes to liver to be excreted in bile
o Bilirubin breaks down into urobilins and stercobilins
o Urobilins are excreted through urine
o Stercobilins are excreted through feces
Blood Types:
Type A
o Antigen A
o Antibody b
o Clumps with types B & AB
o Can receive types A & O
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now