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Summary Biol 173 Exam 3 Study Guide

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This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on Exam 3 for Biology 173. *Essential Exam Preparatory Material!!

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Exam 3 Study Guide: Chapters 9-11, Lecture Guide Pages 165-234
Anatomy and Physiology 1
Dr. Surmacz
Date of Exam: November 10, 2017

Chapter 9: Joints
 Joints are articulations
 2 Methods to Classify Articulations
o Function (Range of Motion)
 Synarthroses – immovable
 Amphiarthroses –
slightly movable
 Diarthroses – freely
movable
o Structure (Anatomy)
 Bony fusion
 No joint cavity
 Fibrous joints
 Connective
tissue between
 No joint cavity
 Cartilaginous joints
 Cartilage
between
 No joint cavity
 Synovial
 Space between
 Has a joint cavity
 Synarthroses
o Suture
 Fibrous joint
 Articulating bones joined by a thin layer of dense
connective tissue
 i.e. sutures in skull
o Gomphosis
 Fibrous joint
 Cone shaped peg fits into socket
 i.e. alveolar process on mandible and maxillary bones
o Synostosis
 Bony fusion
 Created by fusion of two bones; boundary between them
disappears
 i.e. epiphyseal line, metopic suture of frontal
o Synchondroses
 Cartilaginous joints
 Connecting material to cartilage
 i.e. epiphyseal plate; between rib 1 and manubrium
 Amphiarthroses
o Syndesmosis

,  Fibrous joint
 Articulating bones joined by ligaments
 i.e. distal articulation of tibia and fibula
o Symphysis
 Cartilaginous
 Articulating bones joined by fibrocartilage
 i.e. pubic symphysis
 Diarthroses
o Freely movable joints
o Contain a joint cavity
o 3 Common characteristics of synovial joints
 Joint cavity
 Space between joining bones
 Articular capsule
 Surrounds and encloses the joint cavity
 Outer fibrous articular capsule
o Ligaments
o Dense regular connective tissue
 Inner synovial membrane
 Secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity
o Made of proteoglycan – protein and
carbohydrates
o Sticky like egg whites and molasses
o Contains water
o Only secretes about 3 mL
 Functions of synovial fluid
o Lubrication
o Decreases friction
o Shock absorbing
o Distributes nutrients to articular cartilage
 Articular cartilage
 Hyaline cartilage
o Accessories in synovial joints
 Cartilages inside joint cavity function to provide shock
absorption and to help condyles fit together
 Medial and lateral menisci
 Accessory ligaments
 Extracapsular – outside articular capsule, in joint
cavity
 Intracellular – inside articular capsule
 i.e. PCL and ACL
 Tendons
 Span joints to stabilize joints
 Connect muscle to bone
 i.e. rotator cuff in shoulder
 Bursae
 Fluid filled sacs located around synovial joints
where rubbing occurs
 Function?

, o Cushioning
o Decrease friction
 Bursitis
o Inflammation of bursae
o How joints move
 Gliding movement
 Moving the point
 Angular motion and circumduction
 Changing the shaft angle
 Circumduction is a combination of back and forth and
side to side motion
 Rotation
 Rotating the shaft
 Planes of motion
 Back and forth
 Side to side
 Rotation
 Describing planar motion
 Monoaxial
o Motion in one plane
 Biaxial
o Motion in two planes
 Triaxial
o Motion in three planes
 Nonaxial (multiaxial)
o Gliding joints
o Types of Synovial Joints
 Gliding (Plane)
 Articulating surfaces re flat or slightly curved
 Nonaxial – slipping or gliding motions
 i.e. acromioclavicular joint, sternoclavicular joint,
intercarpal joints,
vertebrocostal joint,
sacroiliac joint
 Hinge
 One bone swings about
rounded surface of
another bone
 Monoaxial – angular
movement in one plane
like the opening and
closing of a door
 i.e. knee, elbow, ankle,
interphalangeal joints
 Pivot
 A ring of bone rotates
about process of a bone
 Monoaxial – rotation

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