BIOL 2420 Metabolism Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 2420
Institution
BIO 2420
What is metabolism? Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in an organism.
What are the major classes of metabolic reaction? Catabolism: All of the decomposition reactions in an organism taken together. Anabolism: All of the synthesis reactions in an organism taken together.
What is oxidatio...
BIOL 2420 Metabolism Review
Questions and Correct Answers
What is metabolism? ✅Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in an organism.
What are the major classes of metabolic reaction? ✅Catabolism: All of the
decomposition reactions in an organism taken together.
Anabolism: All of the synthesis reactions in an organism taken together.
What is oxidation and recucition reaction? What does is comprise of? ✅Any metabolic
reaction involving the transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron
acceptor. Reactions when electrons are accepted are reducation reaction, reactions
when electrons are donated are oxidation reactions.
Comprised of electrons acceptors and electron donors.
What are the three important electrons carriers? ✅Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and flavin adenine dinucleotide.
Organisms store energy in what molecule? ✅High-energy phosphate bonds, called
ATP.
What is phosphorylation? ✅The process in which inorganic phosphate is added to a
substrate.
What are the three ways in wich cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP? ✅Substrate-level
phosphorylation: The transfer of phosphate to ADP from another phosphorylated
organic compound.
Oxidative phosphorylation: The energy from redox reactions of respiration, which
attaches inorganic phosphate to ADP.
Photophorylation: Uses light energy, which is used to phosphorylate ADP with inorganic
phosphate.
Define enzymes and their function. ✅Enzymes are organic catalysts.
Function is to increase the likelihood of a reaction.
What is an apoenzyme? Holoenzyme? ✅Apoenzyme: The protein portion of protein
enzymes that is inactive unless bound to one or more cofactors.
Holoenzyme: The combination of an apoenzyme and its cofactors.
What is activation energy? ✅The amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical
reaction.
, What factors influence enzymatic reactions? In what ways? ✅Temperature, pH,
enzyme and substrate concentrations, presence of activators or inhibitors.
Either cause enzymatic activity to increase or decrease.
What are activators? Inhibitors? ✅Activator: Enzymes that are activated when a
cofactor binds to an allosteric site, a site other than an active site.
Inhibitor: Substances that block enzyme activity.
What is competitve inhibition? What is the difference between permanent and
reversible? ✅Competitive inhibition: Inhibitory molecules that are similar in shape to
substrate molecules compete for and block active sites.
Permanent: Results in permanent loss of enzyme activity.
Reversible: Can be overcome by an increase in the concentration of substrate
molecules.
What is noncompetitve inhibition? ✅Inhibition that results from a change in the shape
of the active site when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site. The inhibitors do not attach
to the active site, instead bind to an allosteric site on the enzyme. This alters the shape
of the active site so enzyme activity is reduced or blocked.
What is feedback inhibition? ✅A method of controlling the action of enzymes in which
the end product of a series of reaction inhibits an enzyme in an earlier part of the
pathway.
The end-product of a series of reactions in an allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme in an
earlier part of the pathway. Since the product of each reaction in the pathway is the
substrate for the next reaction, inhibition of the first enzyme in the series inhibits the
entire pathway, which saves cell energy.
What is the most common carbohydrate used in catabolism? ✅Glucose.
What is the difference between cellular respiration and fermentation? ✅Cellular
respiration: Process that results in the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide
and water.
Fermentation: Process that results in organic waste products.
Where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? ✅Cytosol.
What are the stages of glycolysis and what occurs in each stage? ✅Energy-
investment: Energy in two molecules of ATP is invested to phosphorylate, a 6-carbon
molecule, and rearrange its atoms to form fructose 1, 6-biphosphate.
Lysis: Fructose 1, 6-biphophate is cleaved into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and
dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Energy-conserving: Each glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized to pyruvic acid,
yielding 2 ATP molecules each and oxidized pyruvic acid, yielding another 2 ATP
molecules.
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