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BIS 2B - Final Exam study guide questions and answers correct graded A+ Biological Species Concept - correct answers-A species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals that is reproductively isolated from other groups. -Pros: straightforward and easy to understand, b...

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  • October 1, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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BIS 2B - kf kf




Final Exam study guide questions and an
kf kf kf kf kf kf kf




swers correct graded A+
kf kf kf




BiologicalkfSpecieskfConceptkf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfspecieskfiskfakfgroupkfofkfactuallykforkfpotentiallykfinterbreedingkfindividualskfthatkfiskfreproductivelykfisolatedk
ffromkfotherkfgroups.kf




-Pros:kfstraightforwardkfandkfeasykftokfunderstand,kfbasedkfinkfHWEkfmechanisms



-
Cons:kfrequireskfknowledgekfofkfmatingkfsystems,kfdoeskfnotkfapplykftokfasexualkfspecies,kfsomekfmatingkfsystem
skfarekfmorekfcomplexkfthankfthiskfdefinitionkfallowskf(example:kfEnsatinakfsalamanderkfringkfspecies).kf



-
DoeskfNOTkfworkkffor:kfextinctkforganisms,kfasexualkfspecies,kfpopulationskfwithkfcontinuumkfofkfinterbreedingkf
(ringkfspecies)

MorphologicalkfSpecieskfConceptkf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfspecieskfiskfakfgroupkfofkforganismskfthatkfhavekfsimilarkfphysicalkftraitskf(morphology).kf



-Pros:kfgoodkfforkfgroupskfwherekfotherkfdatakfarekflimited.kf



-Cons:kfmorphologicalkfsimilaritykfcankfbekfmisleading.kf



-
Doeskfnotkfworkkfwellkfforkfspecieskfthatkfexperiencekfconvergentkfevolutionkf(willkfoverestimatekfrelatedness).kf
Generallykflesskfaccurate/reliablekfthankfotherkfspecieskfconcepts

PhylogenetickfSpecieskfConceptkf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfspecieskfiskfakfgroupkfofkforganismskfthatkfshareskfakfcommonkfancestorkfandkfcankfbekfdistinguishedkffromkfoth
erkforganismskfbykfparticularkftraitskf(especiallykfgenetickfsimilarity).kf

,-Pros:kfbasedkfinkfevolutionarykfhistory,kfapplieskftokfallkforganismskf(allkforganismskfhavekfDNA).kf



-Cons:kfrequireskfmodernkfgenetickfandkfcomputationalkftools.



-DoeskfNOTkfworkkfforkfextinctkfspecieskf(cankfsometimeskfgetkfDNAkffromkfrecentlykfextinctkfgroups)

Polyploidy



(Howkfdoeskfitkfinfluencekfreproductivekfisolationkfandkfspeciation?)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Polyploidykfmeanskfhavingkfmorekfthankftwokfsetskfofkfchromosomes.kf



Polyploidskfarekfreproductivelykfisolatedkffromkfdiploidskfbecausekftheirkfoffspringkfwillkfhavekfoddkfnumberskfof
kfchromosomekfsets,kfwhichkfcannotkfeasilykfbekfdividedkfduringkfmeiosiskfandkfsokftheykfwillkfbekfsterilekf(postzyg

otickfbarrier:kfreducedkfhybridkffertility).kfPolyploidskfcankfsuccessfullykfbreedkfwithkfotherkfpolyploidskfwithkfthe
kfsamekfnumberkfofkfchromosomes,kfwhichkfmeanskfwekfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecieskffromkftheirkfdiploidkf

relatives.

Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern



(Allopatrykfthroughkfvicariance)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Somekfsortkfofkfphysicalkfgeographickfbarrierkfseparateskfthekfpopulationkfintokfroughlykfequalkfhalves.kfOverkfti
me,kfdifferenceskfinkfmutations,kfgenetickfdrift,kfselection,kfetckfresultkfinkfgenetickfdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekfdi
sconnectedkfhalves.kfEventually,kfthesekfdifferenceskfarekfsignificantkfenoughkftokfproducekfreproductivekfbarri
erskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroupskf(willkfnotkfsuccessfullykfinterbreedkfifkftheykfcomekfintokfcontactkfagain),kfsokfwek
fthenkfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecies.



Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern



(Allopatrykfthroughkfthekffounderkfeffect)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfsmallkfsubsetkfofkfthekfpopulationkfcolonizeskfakfnewkfareakf(geographicallykfseparatekffromkfthekflargerkf'back
ground'kfpopulation).kfOverkftime,kfdifferenceskfinkfmutations,kfgenetickfdrift,kfselection,kfetckfresultkfinkfgenetick
fdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroups.kfEventually,kfthesekfdifferenceskfarekfsignificantkfenoughkftokfproducekf

reproductivekfbarrierskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroupskf(willkfnotkfsuccessfullykfinterbreedkfifkftheykfcomekfintokfcon
tactkfagain),kfsokfwekfthenkfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecies.

Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern

,(Parapatry)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Onekf'edge'kfofkfthekfpopulationkfexperienceskfdifferentkfconditionskfthankfthekfbroaderkfpopulation;kfthekfgrou
pskfarekfnotkfgeographicallykfdistinct,kfbutkfarekfalsokfnotkffullykfintermixed,kftheykfarekfadjacentkftokfonekfanother
kforkfpartiallykfoverlapping.kfOverkftime,kfdifferenceskfinkfmutations,kfgenetickfdrift,kfselection,kfetckfresultkfinkfge

netickfdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekftwokfportionskfofkfthekfpopulation.kfEventually,kfthesekfdifferenceskfarekfsignifi
cantkfenoughkftokfproducekfreproductivekfbarrierskfbetweenkfthekftwokfgroupskf(willkfnotkfsuccessfullykfinterbre
edkfifkftheykfcomekfintokfcontactkfagain),kfsokfwekfthenkfconsiderkfthemkfseparatekfspecies.

Forkfeachkfofkfthekftypeskfofkfspeciationkflistedkfbelow,kfdescribekfthekfgeneralkfpatternkfofkfhowkfspeciationkfoccu
rskfandkfprovidekfankfexamplekfofkfspeciationkfthatkfhaskffollowedkfthiskfpattern



(Sympatry)kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Somekfgenetickfchangekf(oftenkfakfmutationkforkfbehavioralkfshift)kfariseskfinkfonekforkfakffewkfindividualskfthatkfar
ekfdistributedkfacrosskfakfpopulation.kfThiskfmutationkforkfbehavioralkfchangekfresultskfinkfakfreproductivekfbarrie
rkfbetweenkfthesekfindividualskfandkfthekfrestkfofkfthekfpopulation.kfAskfthekfmutationkforkfbehavioralkfchangekfbe
comeskfmorekfcommon,kfwekfseekftwokfdistinctkfgroupskfemerge,kfwhichkfwekfconsiderkfseparatekfspecies.kf



*Ankfimportantkfdifferencekfbetweenkfsympatrykfandkfparapatrykfiskfthatkfthekftwokfgroupskfarekffullykfintermixe
dkfinkfsympatrykf(whilekftheykfarekfadjacentkforkftangentialkftokfonekfanotherkfinkfparapatry).

Whykfdoeskfspecializationkfleadkftokffasterkfspeciationkfrateskfthankfgroupskfthatkfarekfgeneralists?kf-
kfcorrectkfanswers-Specializationkfoftenkfproduceskfbehavioralkforkfgeographickfisolation.kf




EX:kfSpecializingkfonkfakfparticularkfpollinatorkfmeanskfthatkfpollinatorkfwillkflikelykfnotkfcarrykfpollenkffromkfonekfs
pecieskftokfanotherkf(behavioralkfisolation).kfSpecializationkfonkfakfparticularkfplantkfdietkfmeanskfthekfinsectskfwi
llkflikelykfonlykfmatekfwithkfotherkfindividualskfonkfthatkftypekfofkfplantkf(ecologicalkfhabitatkfisolation).

Whykfdoeskfincreasedkfdispersalkfabilitykfleadkftokflowerkfspeciationkfrates?kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Thinkkfaboutkfhowkffarkfofkfakfdistancekfiskfrequiredkftokfproducekfallopatrickfpopulationskfofkfakfspecies.kfForkforg
anismskfthatkfarekfpoorkfdispersers,kfsmallerkfdistanceskfwillkfisolatekfthemkfintokfpopulationskfthatkfcannotkfstay
kfconnectedkfviakfdispersal.kfBetterkfdisperserskfcankftravelkffurtherkfdistanceskfandkfkeepkfevenkfdisparatekfpopu

lationskfconnectedkfreproductively.kfConsequentlykfbetterkfdisperserskfwillkfbekflesskflikelykftokfexperiencekfallo
patrickfspeciationkfthankfpoorkfdispersers.

Whatkfiskfankfevolutionarykfradiation?kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Ankfevolutionarykfradiationkfiskfwhenkfspeciationkfproduceskfmanykfnewkfspecieskfwithinkfakfgivenkfgroupkfverykfr
apidlykf(onkfgeologickftimekfscales,kfsokfstillkfpossiblykfakfcouplekfmillionkfyears).

Whatkfmakeskfankfevolutionarykfradiationkfankfadaptivekfradiation?kfDescribekfankfexamplekfofkfankfadaptivekfra
diation.kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Akfradiationkfiskfconsideredkf'adaptive'kfwhenkfthekfnewkfspecieskfarekfspecificallykfadaptedkftokfparticularkfniche
skfwithinkfthekfecosystem.

, EX:kfHawaiiankfhoneycreeperkfbirds,kfinkfwhichkf55kfspecieskfevolvedkffromkftheirkfcommonkfancestorkf(Europea
nkfrosefinches)kfinkfaboutkf3kfmillionkfyears;kfthekfdifferentkfspecieskfarekfadaptedkftokfdifferentkffoodkfsourceskfwi
thkfaccompanyingkfmorphologicalkfadaptationskfinkftheirkfbeakkfstructure.

Pre-zygotickf-kfcorrectkfanswers-preventkfmatingkforkfpreventkffertilizationkfifkfmatingkfoccurs

Post-zygotickf-kfcorrectkfanswers-preventkfakfhybridkfzygotekffromkfdevelopingkfintokfakfviable,kffertilekfadult

Pre-zygotickfBarrierskf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
•kfHabitatkfIsolation:kfspecieskfoccupykfdifferentkfhabitats,kfneverkfcomekfintokfcontactkf



•kfTemporalkfIsolation:kfbreedkfduringkfdifferentkftimes



•kfBehavioralkfIsolation:kfIndividualskfdokfnotkfrecognizekfeachkfotherkfaskfpotentialkfmateskf



•kfMechanicalkfIsolation:kfphysicalkfdifferenceskfbetweenkfthekforganismskfpreventkfsuccessfulkfmating



•kfGametickfIsolation:kfspermkfiskfnotkfablekftokffertilizekfthekfegg

Post-zygotickfBarrierskf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
•kfReducedkfHybridkfViability:kfhybridkfoffspringkfdokfnotkfcompletekfdevelopmentkforkfhavekflowkfsurvivorship



•kfReducedkfHybridkfFertility:kfhybridkfoffspringkfarekfviable,kfbutkfincapablekfofkfreproduction



•kfHybridkfBreakdown:kfhybridkfoffspringkfarekfviablekfandkffertile,kfbutkfsubsequentkfoffspringkfarekfinviablekforkf
sterile

Monophyletickf-kfcorrectkfanswers-includeskfankfancestorkfandkfallkfofkfitskfdescendants

Whichkfhaskfakflargerkfimpactkfonkfthekfenergykfavailablekfatkfupperkftrophickflevels:kfprimarykfproductivitykforkfef
ficiencykfofkfenergykfmovementkfacrosskftrophickflevels?kf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
efficiencykfofkfenergykftransferkfhaskfakflargerkfimpactkfonkfthekfenergykfavailabilitykfatkfhigherkftrophickflevels

Describekfhowkfthekffollowingkftermskfrelatekftokfonekfanother:kfconsumptionkfefficiency,kfassimilationkfefficien
cy,kfproductionkfefficiency,kfandkfecologicalkfefficiencykf-kfcorrectkfanswers-
Eachkfofkfthekfefficiencykftermskffocuskfonkfakfparticularkf'step'kfofkfthekfprocesskfofkfenergykfmovementkfbetween
kftrophickflevels.kf

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