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NDT Exam-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest 2024/2025
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NDT Exam-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest 2024/2025
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NDT Exam-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest2024/2025
NDT is referred to as what - ✔✔Bobath approach
Bc it was developed by Berta and Karel Bobath
What is the MAIN assumption of NDT - ✔✔it is impossible to superimpose normal
movement patterns over abnormal patterns
NDT is one of the most commonly used treatment approaches in OT for treatment in what -
✔✔-children with neurological deficits
-adults with hemiplegia and tbi
What are all of the assumptions of NDT - ✔✔*Model of motor control
Originally assumed the hierarchical organization of CNS*
Continues to view the CNS as important for movement, but has also adopted the view that
movement is a result of multiple interacting processes.
*CNS damage results in motor dysfunction*
-Development of abnormal tone and movement
-Loss of effective movement responses
Normal movement can not be superimposed on abnormal movements
*Function improved through use of effective movement patterns*
-Handling: - manual hands on interventions designed to change muscle tone and normalize
the quality of the pateint's movements. Handling is used for inhibition and facilitiation
-Key points of control
-Inhibition/facilitation
NDT looked at what kind of system - ✔✔*Looked at hierarchical system*
,Hierarchical - spinal cord - brainstem- cortical
Cephalo-caudal, proximal - distal, gross to fine
what are associated reactions - ✔✔involuntary and nonfunctional changes in limb position
and muscle tone associated with difficult or stressful activities
facilitation vs inhibition - ✔✔Facilitation: manual techniques and other processes including
tactile and verbal feedback used to help the patient achieve a more normal quality of
movement
Inhibition: manual techniques and positions used to decrease or eliminate the effects of
spasticity and/or abnormal reflex activity
Flaccidity
Increased tone
Severe tone - ✔✔Flaccidity: no movement
Increased tone: abnormal patterns
Severe tone: posturing
Distributed model of control - ✔✔Lesion can result in:
-Abnormal tone
-Disturbed synergistic organization
-Weakness
-Perceptual deficits
-Impaired sensation
-Dec ROM
-Balance deficits
Systems model of motor control - ✔✔Looks at multiple interacting processes
, Task goals in the center of:
-environmental systems
-comparing systems
-sensorimotor systems
-musculoskeletal systems
-commanding systems
-regulation systems
Motor impairments result in what - ✔✔movement dysfunction
Positive signs vs negative signs - ✔✔*Positive Signs*
Spasticity: lack of control from descending tracts
-Impaired muscle activation
-Impaired motor execution
*Negative Signs*
Weakness -Insufficient Force Generation
Impaired anticipatory postural Control
Hypokinesia -poverty of Movement
Loss of Fractionated or Dissociated Movements
What is spasticity - ✔✔"an upper motor neuron disorder that is characterized by velocity-
dependent increases in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks and clonus
resulting from *hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex*"
What kind of input does spasticity have - ✔✔*enhanced excitatory input*
*Reduced inhibitory input because of impaired descending pathways*
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