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SCSU PCH200 Exam III questions well answered graded A+ already passed
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SCSU PCH200 Exam III questions well answered graded A+ already passed
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SCSU PCH200 Exam IIIWhat are vitamins? - correct answer ✔✔Vitamins are micronutrients, meaning they are not required in
large amounts. Vitamins give you no energy, for they have no calories. However, vitamins play a crucial
role in extracting energy from macronutrients. They are organic compounds that are essential for normal
function, growth, and maintenance of the body
What are fat soluble vitamins? - correct answer ✔✔They are absorbed with fat into lymphatic system,
stored in larger quantities, and are less vulnerable to cooking losses
What are the fat soluble vitamins? - correct answer ✔✔Vitamins A, D, E, K
What are water soluble vitamins? - correct answer ✔✔They are absorbed into bloodstream, stored in
small amounts, and vulnerable to cooking losses
What are the water soluble vitamins? - correct answer ✔✔8 B vitamins and vitamin C
What are the 8 B vitamins? - correct answer ✔✔1. Thiamin (B1)
2. Riboflavin (B2)
3. Niacin (B3)
4. Pyridoxine (B6)
5. Cobalamin (B12)
6. Folate
7. Pantothenic acid
8. Biotin
Where are vitamins found? - correct answer ✔✔In all food groups
What factors determine the amount of vitamins? - correct answer ✔✔- Source (animal vs. plant)
,- Sunlight
- Moisture
- Growing conditions
- Plant's maturity at harvest
- Packaging and storage
What is enrichment? - correct answer ✔✔Replacing lost nutrients in processed foods
What is fortification? - correct answer ✔✔Adding extra nutrients to foods that wouldn't have them
naturally
What are provitamins? - correct answer ✔✔Inactive forms of vitamins that the body can convert into
active usable forms. Also reffered to as vitamin precursors
Vitamin A - correct answer ✔✔3 active forms: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid (known as the retinoids)
*Function:* vision, maintaining healthy cells (particularly skin cells), fighting infections and bolstering
immune system, reproduction, and promoting growth and development
*Source:* animal food sources (retinoids), plant food (provitamin A carotenoids), and fortified foods
*Deficiency:* xerophthalmia, hard, bumpy, and scaly skin, leaves someone vulnerable to infection
*Toxicity:* bone and joint pain, skin disorders, blurred or double vision, liver damage, development of
teratogens
What is retinol? - correct answer ✔✔The alcohol form of vitamin A; the main physiologically active form
of vitamin A; interconvertible with retinal
What is retinal? - correct answer ✔✔The aldehyde form of vitamin A; the active form of vitamin A in the
retina; interconvertible with retinol
What is retinoic acid? - correct answer ✔✔The acid form of vitamin A; formed from the retinal, but is
not interconvertible; helps growth, cell differentiation, and the immune system
, What is preformed vitamin A? - correct answer ✔✔Animal food sources, known as the retinoids
(including retinyl esters, which is the main storage of vitamin A)
What are carotenoids? - correct answer ✔✔A group of yellow, orange, and red pigments of plants that
are precursors of vitamin A
What is xerophthalmia? - correct answer ✔✔A condition caused by vitamin A deficiency that dries the
cornea and mucous membranes of the eye
What is a teratogen? - correct answer ✔✔Any substance that causes birth defects
Vitamin D - correct answer ✔✔Considered both a vitamin and a hormone
*Function:* essential for bone health, protects against certain cancers and other chronic diseases, helps
regulate insulin formation, secretion, and blood calcium levels
*Source:* exposure to sunlight, fortified foods (milk & breakfast cereals), and supplements
*Deficiency:* rickets in children, osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults
*Toxicity:* hypercalcemia
What is 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]? - correct answer ✔✔Also known as calcitriol, it is the active
form in vitamin D. It is an important regulator of blood calcium
What happens when blood calcium levels drop? - correct answer ✔✔The parathyroid gland releases
parathyroid hormones (PTH) to signal specific bone cells to break down bone tissue and release calcium
into the bloodstream
What happens when blood calcium levels spike? - correct answer ✔✔The thyroid gland releases
calcitonin to stop PTH from causing bone breakdown, allowing the bone-forming activities to continue
What is rickets? - correct answer ✔✔A bone disease in children that results from vitamin D deficiency
What is osteomalacia? - correct answer ✔✔Softening of the bones that leads to the bending of the
spine, bowing of the legs, and increased risk for fractures; found mostly in adults
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