100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
NROB60 FINAL NOTES Exam Questions With 100% Verified Answers $11.49   Add to cart

Exam (elaborations)

NROB60 FINAL NOTES Exam Questions With 100% Verified Answers

 8 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • NROb60
  • Institution
  • NROb60

NROB60 FINAL NOTES Exam Questions With 100% Verified Answers Properties of the action potential - answerrising phase overshoot falling phase undershoot What happens when the current reaches threshold? - answergenerate APs at a low rate What happens when current increase? - answerrate of AP g...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 38  pages

  • October 1, 2024
  • 38
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • NROb60
  • NROb60
avatar-seller
Brainbarter
©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025




NROB60 FINAL NOTES Exam Questions
With 100% Verified Answers



Properties of the action potential - answer✔rising phase
overshoot
falling phase
undershoot

What happens when the current reaches threshold? - answer✔generate APs at a low rate

What happens when current increase? - answer✔rate of AP generation increases


increases the frequency of AP (all or none situation)

What does the firing frequency of APs reflect? - answer✔the magnitude of the DEPOLARIZING
current


(since hyperpolarizing would not allow threshold to be reached)

What is one way stimulation intensity is encoded? - answer✔firing frequency

What causes ionic changes? - answer✔depolarization causes increase in Na permeability by
opening gates in pores or ion channels

hyperpolarization - answer✔more negative

depolarization - answer✔more positive

what kind of current does the firing frequency reflect? - answer✔depolarizing current
(hyper polarization would not allow threshold to be reached)

, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025


How can you flip the membrane potential? - answer✔by changing the relative ionic permeability
of the membrane


rising phase --> have inward Na+ current


falling phase --> has outward K+ current


AP occurs during sudden shift in membrane properties

How does the permeability of the membrane change for AP? - answer✔membrane changes from
K permeability to Na permeability to K permeability

how are interneurons depolarized? - answer✔entry of Na+ through channels that are sensitive to
NT released by other neurons

What are the two types of channels? - answer✔voltage gated
ligand gated

Voltage gated channels - answer✔depends on a change in voltage in order to open and close

ligand gated channels - answer✔ex. needs a neurotransmitter in order to open/close

When is an AP generated? - answer✔if the depolarizing stimulus passes the threshol

Resting potential - answer✔only leak potassium channels are open (these are constantly in an
open state)

Rising Phase - answer✔more and more sodium channels open (driving force of sodium ions
rushing in)


entry of Na+ (usually because Na+ channels are sensitive to membrane stretching)


sodium influx

Overshoot phase - answer✔most positive state


two processes occur simultaneously:

, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025


- sodium gates begin to close
- K channels begin to open (these channels differ from leak potassium channels)


because the relative permeability of the membrane favours Na --> membrane potential
approached Ena which is GREATER than 0 mV

Falling phase - answer✔activation of voltage gated potassium channels are AT MAXIMUM


Na channels are mostly al closed


Potassium efflux

Undershoot phase - answer✔hyperpolarization occurs


membrane potential returns to normal


potassium channels (not LEAK ONES) close


little Na permeability and membrane approached Ek --> causes hyperpolarization relative to
RMP until the VG K channels close again

Which channel opens and closes faster? - answer✔Na

Structure of voltage gated sodium channel - answer✔one single long peptide with 4 distinct
domains

what does one domain of voltage gated sodium channel have? - answer✔6 transmembrane alpha
helices


pore loop --> where the ions can move across

Which alpha helix is the voltage sensor? - answer✔S4


consists of regularly spaced positively charged AAs

, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025




they react to changes in polarization of the membrane
- depolarization twists the S4 and this change in the molecule causes the gate to open

What makes the channel more permeable to Na+ ? - answer✔selectivity filter

selectivity filter - answer✔for Na channel:
- partially hydrated Na+ can fit through the pore but the partially hydrated K+ ion cannot since it
is TOO BIG

Functional properties of Na+ Channel - answer✔- threshold open up the sodium channel and
sodium can rush in
(open almost immediately)


- stays open for about 1msec then inactivates (Mg 2+ blocks it ) --> after Na+ rushes in
(this rapid opening of channels in response to depolarization explains the rising phase)


- cannot open again until voltage reduces to below threshold


- another AP cannot be generated until the channels are activated

Tetrodotoxin - answer✔could selectively block Na channel


clogs the Na permeable pore by binding tightly to a specific site on the OUTSIDE OF THE
CHANNEL

Saxitoxin - answer✔another Na+ channel blocking toxin


concentrated in clams, mussels, and other shellfish that feed on these organisms


marine protozoa

Batrachotoxin - answer✔- causes the channels to open at more negative potentials and to stay
open much longer than usual

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Brainbarter. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $11.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

71498 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$11.49
  • (0)
  Add to cart