Roman Empire (Imperial) 27 BCE-96 CE

Portrait of Augustus as general, Primaporta - answer-Augustus creates portrait types that were distributed through roman world to then be copied to create a distinct and consistent visual image of him across the empire Portrait of Augustus as general , from Primaporta, Italy 1c CE, 20 BCE Curios Primaporta type idealization of ruler and his prowess, portraiture for propaganda to express their authority and root themselves in traditional stories and styles over-life size marble statue in standard pose of Roman Orator-- Contrapposto and cannonical proportions of Polykletios eternally youthful look of Augustus on his side is Cupid riding a dolphin to claim he is a descendant of Venus Curiass is covered in scenes representing his military victory over the Parthians and then giving spoils to the goddess Roma, then we see celestial deities at the top showing that the peace and prosperity augustus brings is over cosmic proportions Portrait Bust Livia, Arsinoe, Egypt - answer-This well-executed head does not seek to be a lifelike portrait but depicts Livia as an idealized, youthful figure. Born in 58 B.C., Livia would have been in her 70s or 80s when it was carved, probably in the reign of her son, Tiberius. As the emperor Augustus' wife, she exerted enormous influence over the imperial court and, even after his death in A.D. 14, she retained her prestige by association with the deified Augustus, the ruling emperor Tiberius, and her other descendants, who included the future emperors, Gaius (Caligula), Claudius, and Nero. This portrait of Livia, wife of Augustus, belongs to the tradition of Roman Republican portraiture and illustrates the classicizing style that triumphed during the reign of Augustus. This official portrait served the propaganda of the essentially monarchist regime installed during the late first century BC under cover of a restoration of the Republic (59-27 BC). Judging by the material - basanite - it dates from Octavian's victory over Mark Anthony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC. The wife of Augustus This basanite head is a portrait of Livia (born circa 57 BC, died in AD 29), comparable to her effigies on coins and hardstone cameos (such as the one in The Hague). Livia, a member of the Roman nobility, played a major role in the foundation of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Her children from a first marriage to a member of the Claudian family were adopted by Octavian Augustus, whom she married in 38 BC before he became emperor. Reference to Republican portraiture This work is a fine example of the propaganda of the new regime, which claimed to be a mere restoration of the Republic rather than a monarchy. In reality, almost all power (political, military, and religious) was now in the hands of one man: Augustus. Livia's hairstyle is one that was highly fashionable from the mid Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome - answer-Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)m Rome 13-9 BCE well preserved, excavated in pieces and resembled back in Rome, almost entirely intact small scale doors on east and west, altar at centre raised up on steps, 34x38 feet and 28 feet high so relatively small historical relief on outside of altar— depiction procession of members of the imperial family, priests and senators moving towards front/western side of this altar as if they were there for creation of this altar lower register decorated with plant life— acanthus and fruit, animals, birds, mice, pomegranates, referencing the plenty and abundance Augustus has brought to the world enclosure wall around central altar, reached through the stairs 13 BCE to honor Augustus via flaminana on this road part of larger complex in the campus marcius— an area of statues to build commeratoive monuments built close to giant mausoleum of Augustus and next to Giant Sundial- Obelisk or Horologium Augustus brings obelisks to rome because of his victory against Cleopatra— more obelisk in Rome than in Egypt Part of larger architectural program augustus known for turning a city of brick into a city of marble Augustus uses marble quarry found by Caesar Tellus Panel, Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome - answer-Female Personification (tellus), Panel from the East facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae symbolising fertility, personifications of land and sea Augustus had two heirs when this was done and this depicts two baby boys maybe symbolising them Procession of Imperial Family, Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome - answer-Procession of the Imperial Family, detail of the south fries of the ara paris augustae figures here identifiable by their portrait types, compared to parthenon frieze because figures lined up, but depth of relief varies to show depth and layer people on top of each other children depiction becomes more important because want to depict their heirs tax breaks for more children, procreating and increasing number of elite romans through children was important to Augustus Forum of Augustus and the Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome - answer-Forum of Augustus- 25-2 BCE Roman Forum — place voters would elect magistrates, preserved like a museum and then instead develop imperial forums Augustus copying things julius caesar has done creates another forum- forum of augustus basically large open are with collandes and a temple at the end— Temple of Mars Ultor, mars the avenger built up when he set up to avenge julius most important area of the city of rome get moved into this space— critical area house the standards, monument to augustan victory on many different levels Subura- mixed income neighbourhood, known for racaous, narrow winding streets, lots of people in close quarters, lots of fires Augustus sets up this forum on the edge of this neighbourhood and then has to protect it from this neighbourhood so he puts up a firewall to protect from fires of subura and to muffle to loud sound coming from it Temple to mars- italic style temple becomes model for temples in the imperial period augustus canonizes this form uses the Corinthian order— often called the roman corinthian order of the Augustan corinthian order made of white luna marble surrounded by porticos full of sculpture heigh of shaft : height of column— 5:6 standardises the height of the columns Medallions in the cornice- curly-q scrolls that hang down from cornice base raise up on square block called the plinth becomes the order the romans use for everything Plan of forum of augustus— manipulate the history of rome by including or not including certain individuals put all these people in forum but did not include himself as a symbol of his humbleness Summi viri one side we see Eanus and his family and the other side is the family of Romulus and the God Mars Romans related to Mars Caryatids with shields depicting the God Zeus or Zeus Amon— god from Egypt worshipped in the hellenistic p Maison Carrée, Nîmes - answer-architects who worked on temple in forum also worked on Maison Carree, in Nimes France, Early 1c CE temple from southern france frontal, high podium, roman corinthian order, same capitals, frieze at top that depicts vines and flowers and bird like the Ara Pacis, Modilliums hang down from the capitals, and a plinth Pont-du-gard, Nîmes - answer-Pont Du Gard, Nimes, France 20-16 BCE important to empire was water control and purification aquaduct bridge constructed by Agrippa, aqueducts had been built in rome starting in 4th century BCE this aqueduct carried water to city of nimes, where there where bathes and fountains and other structures that needed water water flows because of gravity because there is a gradual slope throughout to city used concrete and arches— each arch is 28 ft and each block is 28 tons looks unfinished because of the bosses to put blocks in place and to raise scaffolding for remains harmonious in proportion, one arch right in the centre over the river is bigger height of arch determined by the width of the arch Porta Maggiore - answer-Porta Maggiore, Rome 50 BCE (Claudius) aquaduct from Rome in Julio Claudian period Claudius is a builder that focuses on utilitarian buildings continued to expand the aqueduct system this bridge brings two aqueducts into Rome goes over where two important roads enter the city and aqueducts are run over the gate at these roads huge dedicatory inscription at the top, include archaic spellings Claudius interested in history blocks at bottom are big and unfinished called- Rustification, romans thought this made the buildings look old Nero- last emperor of Rome and also great architect Domus Aurea - answer-Domus Aurea (Golden House) 64-68 CE (Nero) other builders were Severus and Celer Rome had lots of fires at this time— fire of 64 burned for 7-9 days and burned huge sections of the city, even wealthy areas Nero creates regulations of building so that fires can be stopped— better, wider streets Nero used place where houses had been burned to erect himself of huge palace— Domus Aurea so became very unpopular with the elite and the senate and later deposed Atrium of house of Nero that connected Roman Forum to his private house, and big Staganum pool used for lavish dinner parties on boat etc. over 100 ft tall golden statue of nero at centre known as the Collasus Private Wing of this house on Escalon hill Octagonal Room, Domus Aurea, 64-68 CE becomes interested in interior spaces dome space constructed on concrete with big open hole at top known as an Oculus five rectangular rooms to the sides Groin Vaults— corbeled vaults that are overlapping backrooms on either side of dome lite by spaces in top of the ceiling Period of civil wars after the death of Nero and replaced with Vespasian famous for capturing city of Jerusalem and erecting the Colosseum starts Flavian Dynasty (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian) Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome - answer-Flavian amphitheater (Colosseum), Rome 80 CE usually these are on outskirts of city but this is at centre of city venue for gladiatorial spectacles, wild beast hunts, etc. Inaugurated by Titus by doing 100 Days of Games over 9000 animals killed over this 100 days criminals executed here— often makes these criminals re-enact mythological stories as entertainment gladiatorial competitions in the afternoon late evening g Fornix motif is applied to these arches in the roman world known as Colloseum because Nero statue of Collasus stood near it 159 feet tall and huge oval spanning 651X510 ft floor laid over area of service rooms for athletes, performers, animals, and other equipment fit 50,000 spectators 76 entrance doors and three levels of seating laid over barrel vaulted access corridors and entrance tunnels the outer wall is three levels of arcades surmounted by an attic-- arches framed by engaged columns, friezes/entablature marking the divisions between each three levels stacking of orders increasing in complexity from top to bottom Tuscan--Ionic--Corinthian-- Corinthian Pilasters then attic story that is broken up by windows that alternated with bronze ornaments Portrait of Vespasian - answer-Portrait of Vespasian, 75-79 BCE return to vuristic style popular in Roman Republic older man, authority based in military success, came from well respected long running family from rural rome/ialy we see this style crop up in other roman leaders after Portrait bust of Flavian Woman, Rome - answer-Portrait bust of a flavian Woman, Rome 90 BCE women with ornate hairstyles at this time titled face, unusually long neck, goddess like (this not focusing on Vuristic style) corkscrew curls done using a drill to make channels Vespasian popular with Roman elite builds himself amphitheater disassembles Domus Araia and builds an amphitheater in the space with pool would have been Arch of Titus, Rome - answer-Arch of Titus, Rome After 81 CE (Domitian) Synonymous with military triumph and victory Constructed along the route of Roman triumph Troops would physically pass through the arches Entrance into the Roman forum First well preserved arch Only original parts of the arch are the center, made of marble, rest was reconstructed Original arch was constructed to celebrate triumph Tries to connect himself to his predecessors Scene on the top of the arch: that shows emperor Titus being carried up to the heavens on the back of an eagle Visualization of Titus becoming a God Different elements of the arch: attic, keystone, composite capitals, spandrels, apotheosis First time visualization of apotheosis in art First example of a composite capital: Corinthian capital that has a big volute that sticks out of each corner. Combination of ionic and Corinthian capital. Spoils of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, Rome - answer-poils of Jerusalem, from Arch of Titus Relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, after 81 CE Scenes of triumph passing throughout after the sack of Jerusalem Carrying the spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem Going underneath an arch Corresponds to a historical narrative of this particular triumph Representative of Flavian art The way relief has changed, can compare it to the scenes of the Arapacas Scenes/ progression of people in a line Space above them, with objects projecting up, illusions of bigger space Multiple layers of relief, barely carved and deeply carved Looks like the figures are marching into the arch, artistic depth Triumph of Titus, Arch of Titus, Rome - answer-Triumph of Titus, from Arch of Titus Rome, after 81 CE Titus is shown being crowned by the Goddess of victory Emperor is within the presence of a God, first time showing this Multiple layers of relief, elements stick up into a top section of relief, to give the idea that figures are existing in space Horses are shown from the side, chariot from the front Spatial illusion, entire panel bulges to the center and then evens out at the end Height of Roman relief, illusionism of Roman relief Portrait bust of Hadrian - answer-Portrait Bust of Hadrian Rome, 117-120 CE Trajan's adopted heir Totally different portrait type from Trajan Full head of hair and beard A look that was associated with Greek philosophers and intellectuals Very influential from now onwards Panetheon - answer-Pantheon, Rome 118-126 CE Hadrian Best preserved Roman temple we have Constructed of concrete, and very early on turned into a Christian church Best example we have of the Roman use of concrete as well as the interest of interior spaces Temple to all the Gods, replaced an earlier temple built on the same spot Used as a place for Hadrian to hold court Unclear what the function is Unorthodox plan for the temple Has three separate spaces Round circular space: rotunda (huge round circular space covered by a dome pierced by a hole (oculus) in the top Front porch The transitional block, space that connects the above two spaces Would have approached this through a portico Wouldn't have been able to see the rotunda Would have been raised on the high podium as well Columns are monolithic→ columns that are all one piece Like columns of all different colors, decline in paint in architecture and instead use brightly colored marbles Able to do this