BIOL 2420 Unit 1 Exam Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 2420
Institution
BIO 2420
Explain the importance of observations made by van Leeuwenhoek 1) created the first microscope 2) first discovered the bacterial world
Define microbes in the words of van Leeuwenhoek and as we know them today "beasties" & "animalcules" now: microorganisms
Be able to differentiate each group and k...
BIOL 2420 Unit 1 Exam Practice
Questions and Correct Answers
Explain the importance of observations made by van Leeuwenhoek ✅1) created the
first microscope
2) first discovered the bacterial world
Define microbes in the words of van Leeuwenhoek and as we know them today
✅"beasties" & "animalcules"
now: microorganisms
Be able to differentiate each group and know which groups are prokaryotic and which
are eukaryotic. If given a microorganism, could you place it into the correct group? ✅1)
bacteria: prokaryotic
ex: streptococcus
2) archaea: prokaryotic
3) fungi: eukaryotic
ex: molds and yeasts
4) protozoa: eukaryotic
ex: plasmodium
5) algae: eukaryotic
6) small multicellular animals: eukaryotic
Be able to explain why each of these groups is studied in microbiology. ✅because
many of these cause diseases
List the structures common to all cells and use these structures to explain why viruses
are considered acellular. ✅Viruses are acellular, meaning they are biological entities
that do not have a cellular structure. Therefore, they lack most of the components of
cells, such as organelles, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane.
Be able to list and answer the 4 questions that drove research during the Golden Age of
Microbiology. ✅Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? no
What causes fermentation? pasteurization and industrial microbiology
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur
concerning spontaneous generation. Know who argued for and against spontaneous
generation. ✅1) Redi: demonstrated that maggots did not arise from decaying meat
2) Needham: experiments with broth infusions "reinforced" this idea (for spontaneous
generation)
,3) Spallanzani: repeated Needham's experiments but believed microbes come from air
and not from "vital force" but from contaminants
4) Pasteur: discredited the idea of spontaneous generation and proved that all living
organisms come from other living organisms
Explain how spontaneous generation was finally disproven. What were the conclusions
about the source of contamination? How did this lead to aseptic technique? ✅Louis
Pasteur discredited the idea of spontaneous generation and demonstrated the
microorganisms are present in the air, led to aseptic technique
Be able to list the 4 steps in the scientific method of investigation and explain what is
important about control groups. ✅1.A group of observations leads a scientist to ask a
question about some phenomenon.
2.The scientist generates a hypothesis—that is, a potential answer to the question.
3.The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis.
4.Based on the observed results of the experiment, the scientist either accepts, rejects,
or modifies the hypothesis.
What is the significance of Pasteur's fermentation experiments to our world today?
✅We use pasteurization to eliminate pathogens in milk and some juices in our world
today.
What is industrial microbiology and what are some examples of this field that you use
every day? ✅Pasteur thus began the field of industrial microbiology (or biotechnology),
in which microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products. Today, pasteurization
is used routinely on milk to eliminate pathogens that cause such diseases as
tuberculosis; it is also used to eliminate pathogens in juices and other beverages.
Identify the scientist whose experiments led to the field of biochemistry and the study of
metabolism ✅Edward Buchner
Explain how Pasteur's work with fermentation of wine influenced Lister and Koch.
✅Lister applied germ theory to medical procedures; utilizing carbolic acid to kill
bacteria on wounds to stop transmitting to other patients. Koch proved that bacteria
actually caused disease with anthrax in cows.
What is germ theory of disease? Can you summarize it in your own words? ✅857
Pasteur came up with a hypothesis that microorganism are also responsible for
diseases.
What are Koch's postulates and what is the most important part about the postulates?
(What made Koch successful, but not Pasteur, at isolating a causative agent of
infectious disease?) What other contributions to microbiology did Koch's lab make?
✅1.The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be
absent from healthy hosts.
, 2.The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3.When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host should get the
disease.
4.The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.
During microbiology's Golden Age, other scientists used Koch's postulates and
laboratory techniques introduced in Koch's and Pasteur's laboratories to discover the
causes of most protozoan and bacterial diseases.
Describe the contribution of Gram to the field of microbiology. ✅developed a more
important staining technique in 1884. His procedure, which involves the application of a
series of dyes, leaves some microbes purple and others pink. We now label the purple
cells as Gram positive and the pink ones as Gram negative, and we use the Gram
procedure to separate bacteria into these two large groups
Identify the contributions to the discovery of viruses made by Ivanowski and Beijerinck
✅Dmitri Ivanovsky(1892) and Martinus Beijerinck(1898) were studying disease of
tobacco plants
-Demonstrated disease caused by tiny
agent that could pass through filter:filterable virus
-1940s: Viruses finally visualized with
development of electron microscope
Why was the development of the electron microscope important in the 1940's? ✅finally
could visualize viruses
Identify the pioneering work that Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale, and Snow made in
the areas of public health microbiology and epidemiology. ✅Semmelweis: hand
washing
Lister: antiseptic technique "father of antisepsis"
Nightingale: hygiene, hospital reform, nursing education: first nursing school in London
Snow: infection control and epidemiology: disease tracking
Which scientist's work began the field of immunology? ✅edward jenner's vaccination of
smallpox
Describe the quest for a "magic bullet" and its importance. Know the scientist and the
field that this began. ✅Paul Ehrlich hypothesized about "magic bullets" and began the
field of chemotherapy developing a treatment for syphilis
List the major questions that drive microbiological questions today ✅1. What are the
basic chemical reactions of life?
2. How do genes work?
3. What roles do microorganisms play in the environment?
4. How do we defend against diseases?
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