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BIO 152 BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY NOTES FOR REVISION
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BIO 152 BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY NOTES FOR REVISION
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lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428BIO 152 BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY NOTES
FOR REVISION
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428
Lecture 2: : Water, Carbon, & Macromolecules Part A (Ch 2-5)
● Etymology
- hydro: water
- lysis: break
- phobic: scared of
- philic: like
● subatomic particle
- protons and neutrons form atomic nucleus
- electron form a cloud of electron surrounding the nucleus
- valance shell determine the atom’s behaviour
● covalent bond
- sharing a valence electron by two atoms
- eletronegativity: atoms attraction for electrons in a covalent shell
- HIGHER electronegativity is stronger atomic attraction toward itself
O>N>C~H
- pure covalent bond, two same atoms shared electrons
- non polar covalent bond, share electrons equally
- polar covalent bond, one is higher electronegativity, the electron shared
unevenly.
- When the number of electronegativity is lower that mean it is more positive
- the arrow is point to the negative side
● Hydrogen bond
- form when H atom in one molecule bound attract to another molecule
- usually bond with O or N
- water is polar molecule because of the highly electronegativity of oxygen
- charge in unevenly distribute
- Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other
● water
- cohesive behaviour(有黏著力的) due to the properties of polarity of water
- Ability to moderate temperature(Absorbs heat from warmer air and releases
stored heat to cooler air)
- Ability to moderate temperature the bond formed a even pattern when it reach
freeze point (make ice less dense)
- versatility(多用途) as solvent
- h bond hold water molecules together
- cohesion: hold the water colume
- adhesion: helps transport water against gravity
- hotter temperature break water molecules
● Acidification: A Threat to Water Quality
- CO2 main product of fossil fuel combustion
- • ~25% of human-generated CO2 is absorbed by the oceans
- • CO2 dissolved in sea water forms carbonic acid → Ocean acidification
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428
Lecture 3: Macromolecules
● Organic chemistry
- study of carbon molecules
- living organsim mostly carbon based
- most compound contain hydrogen
- carbon can have 4 covalent bond
- Common partner of carbon: nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
● hydrocarbon
- only carbon and hydrogen
- fats are hydrocarbon
- react to release a lot of energy
● Isomer
- same molecular formula but different structure and properties
- structure isomer: different covalent structure
- cis-trans isomer: same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements
- Enantiomers: mirror images of each other
● ATP
- Energy Source for Cellular Processes
- three phosphate group with one adenosine
- Primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell
- stored potential energy that can be released while react with water
● Carbohydrate
- fuel and building material
- sugars and polymers of sugar
- mono: monoscaccrides
- CnH2nO
- polysaccrides is a macromolecules (many repeated sugar)
● Lipids
- large biological macromolecule that are not polymer there are no monomers
- hydrohphobic
- mostly hydrocarbon,non polar
- including fat, phospholipid, steriods
- Fat: energy storage, cushion and insulate the body
- phospholipids: one polar hydrophilic head made of phosphate, hydrophobic
non polar tail(Amphipathic- compound contain polar and non polar area)
- phospholipids is used for cell membrane, when they add to water, the
phospholipids will spontnuosly self assemble a bilayer
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428
Lecture 5: inside cell
● protein
- enzyme that catalyse reaction
- structure support
- transport
- movement
- Defense against foreign substances
- made of amino acid chain (cotaining amino and carboxyl acid group)
- the differnece of amino acid is the side chain
a. non polar, hydrophobic, only carbon and hydrogen
b. polar , hydrophilic, contain oxygen
c. acidic charged, negatively charge
d. basic charged, positively charge
- The change of side chain may change the structure of the protein, there are
different structure in second and tertiary structure.
● nucleus acid
- it is a polymer made of polynucleotide
- each moner called nucleotide
- deoxyribose nucleic aicd (DNA) with ATGC base
- ribose nucleic acid (RNA) with AUGC base
● Prokaryotes cell
- dont have nucleus, both transcription and translation are happened at the
same time inside the cell membranes
- Bacteria and Archaea
● Eukaryotes cell
- transciptiona and replication happen in nucleus and translation happen
outside the nucleus
- Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
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