Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation Hemorrhage Nephrosis
Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive use of
diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Deydration Manisfestations - answer✔thirst, altered level of consciousness, hypotension,
tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin
turgor, oliguria, weight loss, and sunken fontanelles
Cancer Benign - answer✔Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host (more
differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause death
Sodium - answer✔Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base balance.
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
• Main source is dietary intake.
• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
Decreased water ingestion
Loss of thirst sensation
Inability to drink water
Third spacing
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: - answer✔increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and
sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness,
headache, seizures, lethargy, coma, blood pressure changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse,
edema, and decreased urine output
Causes of Hyponatremia - answer✔Deficient sodium
Diuretic use
Gastrointestinal losses
Excessive sweating
Insufficient aldosterone levels
Adrenal insufficiency
Dietary sodium restrictions
Excessive water
Hypotonic intravenous saline (0.45% saline) Hyperglycemia
Excessive water ingestion
Renal failure
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Heart failure
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Brainbarter. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
