Exam (elaborations)
Bio 235 Midterm 1
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Exam of 45 pages for the course Bio 235 at Bio 235 (Bio 235 Midterm 1)
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BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS WITHVERIFIED ANSWERS
k metabolism - sum of al chemical processes
catabolism - that break down molecules, releasing energy.
anabolism - the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
3 things that effect growth in the body size - 1. increase in the size of existing cells
2.increase in the number of cells
3.increase in the size of material between the cells
differentiation - unspecialized cells becomes specialized
reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2) - 1. tissue growth, repair or replacement
2. production of a new individual
fluid within the cells - intracellular fluid
fluid outside the cells - extracellular fluid
ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues - interstitial fluid
what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop - controlled condition
what is the stimulus - any disruption that changes a controlled condition
what's the receptor - body structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition and sends inputs
what is an afferent pathway-input - flows towards the control center (nerve impulse or chemical signal)
what is the control center - sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be
maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands when they
are needed
efferent pathway - flow away from control center to effector
effector - body structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a response that alters
the controlled condition
negative feedback system - reverses a change in a controlled condition
positive feedback loop - strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition until its
interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth
disorder - abnormality of a structure or function
,disease - illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
symptom - subjective changes not visible to the observer
sign - objective changes visible to the observer (doctor)
prone - body is lying face down
supine - body is lying face up
ipsilateral - same side
contralateral - different sides
superficial - towards the surface of the skin
deep - away from surface of the skin
sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right
Midsagittal (median) plane - divides into equal left and right sides
parasagittal plane - unequal sides left and right
fronta (coronal plane) - divides front and back (anterior/posterior)
transverse plane - superior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-sectional)
oblique plane - anything but 90 degrees
cranial cavity - contains head
Vertebral (spine) cavity - contains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the cranial cavity
Meninges - layers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity - chest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the vertebral column
pericardial cavity - surrounds the heart
pleura cavity - surrounds lungs
visceral layer of cavity - inner layer
parietal layer of cavity - outer layer
mediastinum cavity - between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and first rib
down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but not the lungs
diaphragm - dome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity - from the diaphragm to the groin
abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine
pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system
,viscera - organs inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
major elements of body mass - nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
lesser elements 8 - Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron
what are the three subatomic particles - neutrons, protons, electrons
nucleus - core of an atom
proton - positively charged (in nucleus)
neutron - neutral no charge (in nucleus)
electrons - negatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus
number of protons =? - number of electrons
atomic number is what - number of protons/electrons
mass number - sum of protons and neutrons
isotopes - Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) - An isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits one or more types
of radioactivity into stable configuration
half-life - the time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half
atomic mass/weight - average of the natural occurring isotopes
ion - has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and electrons
ionization - the process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable
molecule - when two or more atoms share an electron
compound - substance made up of two or more different elements
free radicals - atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it unstable-become stable
by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important elements) UV rays, x-rays
ionic bond - force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
cation - positively charged ion-loses an electron
anion - negatively charged ion-gains an electron
electrolyte - an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a solution
covalent bond - two more more atoms share electrons
non-polar - equal sharing of electrons
polar - sharing of electrons is unequal
, electronegativity - power to attract electrons to itself
hydrogen bond - forms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F
surface tension - a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid
activation energy - collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants so a reaction
can start
catalysts-what kkind kare kthe kmost kimportant k- kchemicals kthat kspeed kup kreactions kby klowering kthe
kactivation kenergy kneeded-enzymes kare kmost kimportant
synthesis kreaction k- kis kanabolism kand kendergonic kA+B=AB
decomposition kreaction k- kcatabolism kand kexergonic kAB=A k+ kB
Exchange kreactions k- kboth kdecomposition kand ksynthesis
reversible kreactions k- kproducts kcan kreverse kto koriginal kreactants
oxidation-reduction kreactions kare kalways kwhat? k- kparallel- kwhen kone kis koxidized kthe kother kis
kreduced
oxidation k- kthe kloss kof kelectrons krelaxing kenergy
reduction k- kthe kgain kof kelectrons kgaining kenergy
solvent, ksolution kand ksolute k- kthe ksolvent kdissolves ksolute kin kthe ksolution
hydrophilic k- kdissolves keasily kin kwater k(polar)
hydrophobic k- knot kvery kwater ksoluble k(non-polar)
hydrolysis k- kdecomposition, kbreak kdown kwith kthe kaddition kof kwater
dehydration ksynthesis k- kthe kbuild kof kmolecules-and kwater kis kformed kas ka kproduct k(taken kout)
high kheat kcapacity k- kwater- kchanging kfrom kliquid kto kgas ktakes ka klarge kamount kof kenergy kwith
kminimal kchange kto kown ktemperature
acid k- ka ksubstance kthat kdissociates kinto kone kor kmore kH katoms kand kanions
base k- kremoves kH kfrom ka ksolution k(OH-) khydroxide
which kis ka kproton kdonor kand kwhich kis ka kproton kacceptor k- kacids kare kproton kdonors kand kbases kare
kproton kacceptors
salt k- kdissolved kin kwater, kdissociates kinto kcations kand kanions
acidic ksolutions kpH k- kH kis kgreater kthan kOH kand kph kis kless kthan k7
basic ksolutions kpH k- kOH kis kgreater kthan kH kand kph kis kgreater kthan k7
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