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OT METHODS II: ORTHOTICS, PROSTHETICS, AND MODALITIES EXAM I
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OT METHODS II: ORTHOTICS, PROSTHETICS, AND MODALITIES EXAM I
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OT METHODS II: ORTHOTICS, PROSTHETICS, ANDMODALITIES EXAM I
How is pain defined? - Answers-an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage
In what regards does OT address pain? - Answers-When it:
-Limits patient's ability to participate in occupational roles
-Limits Function
-Limits ROM/Strength
-Affects patients physically, emotionally, and mentally
What does pain management enhance? - Answers-- healing of soft tissue
- movement of body structures
- functional tasks
-participation in home, work, hobbies, sports, school, and daily activities
What is the most common reason a patient seeks medical attention? - Answers-Pain
What is acute pain associated with? - Answers-tissue damage
What does acute pain impact? - Answers-daily function
When does acute pain occur? - Answers-with a sudden onset
What treatment goals exists with acute pain? - Answers--Reduce inflammation
-Facilitate resolution of pain
-Modify transmission of pain from peripheral system to central nervous system
-Educate patient regarding pain management
-Restore function
What is chronic pain? - Answers--Pain that persists beyond the normal time for tissue
healing
-Starts as acute pain
-Pain lasting longer than 3-6 months
What causes chronic pain? - Answers-Result of activation of dysfunctional, neurological
or psychological responses
What can chronic pain contribute toward? - Answers-- increased dependence on other
- changes in meaningful relationships
- decreased function
- limitations with daily activities/roles
,What can decrease the risk of chronic pain? - Answers-early identification of and
prevention strategies may reduce the need for prolonged treatment interventions.
What is referred pain? - Answers-Experiencing pain in one region when the actual
tissue damage is in another region
Where can referred pain come from? - Answers-- one joint to another
- peripheral nerve to distal innervation
- internal organ to musculoskeletal tissue
- trigger points
What are nociceptors? - Answers-Sensory receptors that are found in the skin, viscera,
and musculoskeletal system
What type of pain do nociceptors in the skin detect? - Answers-sharp, pricking, tingling,
localized
What type of pain do nociceptors in the viscera detect? - Answers-aching
What type of pain do nociceptors in the musculoskeletal system detect? - Answers-
Heavy/achy
What can pain symptoms contribute toward? - Answers-- structural deficits
- protective guarding
- anxiety/decreased sleep
- edema
- joint stiffness
- tissue shortening
- poor positioning
- compensatory movements
What can pain provoke? - Answers-Fear, anger, withdrawal, or anguish
What can pain symptoms be related to? - Answers-- trauma
- injured tissue
- inflammation
- muscular/neurological conditions
- degenerative disease
- pathological conditions
What does pain serve as? - Answers-as a protective, warning device designed to
protect the body from injury
What are PAMS? - Answers-physical agent modalities
How do PAMS affect pain? - Answers-Control pain in various ways including:
, ◦ Inhibiting inflammatory response
◦ Altering nerve conduction
◦ Increasing endorphin levels
◦ Inhibiting pain transmission at spinal cord
What advantages exist with PAMS? - Answers--Fewer and less severe side effects than
pharmacological agents
-Do not cause sedation and can allow individuals to work and drive.
-PAMs can be used in conjunction with patient home exercise programs
What is OTs goal in relation to pain and the usage of PAMS? - Answers--
Diminish/resolve pain symptoms
-Understand pathology causing pain .
-Modify the patient's perception of discomfort
-Maximize function within the patient's limitations
What types of pain exist? - Answers--acute
-chronic
-referred
When are PAMS most effective in reducing pain? - Answers-During the acute phase
How long does acute pain last? - Answers--Less than 6 months
-Lasts as long as the noxious stimuli persists
What are nociceptors responsive and sensitive to? - Answers-- thermal changes
- mechanical distortion
- chemical components
How do peripheral nerves transmit pain? - Answers-Specific peripheral nerves (C, A
delta fibers) transmit to the spinal cord (T cells) then to specific tracts to the brain to
interpret pain.
What pain transmitting afferent nerve fibers exist? - Answers--C fibers
- A Delta fibers
What kind of pain do C fibers transmit? - Answers-slow, chronic pain
What kind of pain do A delta fibers transmit? - Answers-Fast, acute pain
What kind of nerve fibers make up the C fibers? - Answers-small unmyelinated fibers
What kind of nerve fibers make up the A Delta fibers? - Answers-small myelinated fibers
What percentage of peripheral nerve fibers exist in C fibers? - Answers-80%
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