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DistanceLearningCentre.comLEARNING MATERIALS
Subject: Physics
Unit: Introduction to Physics
Topic 1: Introduction to Physics
Level: 3
Essential reading
There is no essential textbook for this topic, but you should find that
any A-Level Physics textbook will provide a useful guide.
Recommended reading:
Recommended reading for this topic is listed in the back pages of
these learning materials.
Further resources:
Further resources to deepen your learning on specific aspects of this
topic are listed throughout these learning materials.
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© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
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© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Physics
Unit: Introduction to Physics
Topic: Introduction to Physics
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
Contents
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Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
1. Basic mechanics ................................................................................... 2
1.1 Scalars .................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Vectors .................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Simple vector additions .............................................................. 3
2. Forces, and Newton’s First, Second and Third Laws....................... 11
2.1 Forces ................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Mass ...................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Velocity .................................................................................................. 14
2.4 Acceleration ........................................................................................... 14
2.5 Momentum............................................................................................. 15
2.6 Impulse .................................................................................................. 15
2.7 Newton’s Laws ...................................................................................... 16
2.7.1 Newton’s First Law ................................................................... 16
2.7.2 Newton’s Second Law .............................................................. 17
2.7.3 Newton’s Third Law.................................................................. 17
3. Waves ................................................................................................... 19
4. Bending Light: Refraction .................................................................. 23
4.1 Huygens’ Principle ................................................................................. 23
4.2 Relative Refractive Index ....................................................................... 25
4.3 Snell’s Law: A Mathematical Solution .................................................... 26
4.4 Total Internal Reflection ......................................................................... 27
5. Particles ............................................................................................... 31
5.1 Basic Structure of the atom .................................................................... 31
5.1.1 Bohr model............................................................................... 31
5.1.2 Electron cloud model................................................................ 33
5.1.3 Nucleon number and proton number ........................................ 33
5.2 Fundamental Particles ........................................................................... 35
5.2.1 Matter and matter particles ....................................................... 35
5.2.2 Quarks and antiquarks ............................................................. 36
Properties of quarks: ....................................................................................... 37
5.2.3 Leptons .................................................................................... 38
Antiparticles: ................................................................................................... 38
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
, Subject: Physics
Unit: Introduction to Physics
Topic: Introduction to Physics
Level: 3
LEARNING MATERIALS
5.2.4 Neutrinos ................................................................................. 38
5.3 Fundamental Forces (Interactions) ........................................................ 38
6. Electrical principles ............................................................................ 41
6.1 Current Electricity .................................................................................. 41
6.1.1 Potential difference .................................................................. 42
6.1.2 Resistance ............................................................................... 44
6.1.3 Combining Electrical Resistance .............................................. 46
6.2 DC Electricity ......................................................................................... 47
6.2.1 Resistivity ................................................................................. 47
6.2.2 Electromotive force (EMF) and Internal resistance ................... 49
Recommended reading ............................................................................... 53
Resources .................................................................................................... 53
Websites ........................................................................................................ 53
Sources and credits..................................................................................... 55
Sources for these learning materials .......................................................... 55
Image credits................................................................................................. 55
© DistanceLearningCentre.com, 2022
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