Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
study guide UPDATED 2024
What are the three main divisions of the developing brain?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
What is the forebrain (prosencephalon) divided into?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What is the telencephalon composed of?
Cerebral hemisphere and has structures like the cerebral cortex, white matter and
basal ganglia
What is the diencephalon composed of?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
What is the midbrain (mesencephalon) composed of?
contains the cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum
midbrain connects the forebrain and hindbrain
What is the Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) divided into?
pons and cerebellum aka metencephalon
medulla aka myelencephalon
what is the cephalic flexure?
divides brain and brainstem
what is the cervical flexure?
divides brainstem from spinal cord
Where is the choroid plexus located?
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
,Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
lies within the subarachnoid space
choroid plexus is where CSF is formed
What is the flow of CSF circulation?
1. choroid plexus
2. lateral ventricle
3. intraventricular foramen
4. 3rd ventricle
5. cerebral aqueduct
6. 4th ventricle
7. foramen of magendi
What are glial cells?
support cells
What are bipolar neurons?
single dendrite and single axon arising from cell body
mostly sensory neurons -- such as vision and olefactory
what are unipolar neurons?
both axons and dendrites arise from a single process coming off the cell body
occurring mainly in invertebrates
what are oligodendrocytes?
myelin forming glial cells in the CNS
what are schwann cells?
myelin forming glial cells in the PNS
what is neuromodulation?
regulates synaptic transmission, neuronal growth and other functions
facilitates or inhibits the subsequent signaling properties of the neuron
what is white matter?
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
, Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
areas of CNS with myelinated axons
what is gray matter?
areas of CNS made up mainly of cell bodies
most of local synaptic communication between neurons in CNS occurs here
What is an afferent pathway?
pathways carrying signals towards a structure
What is an efferent pathway?
pathways carrying signals away from a structure
What is the 'crossing over' in a motor system called?
pyramidal decussation
occurs at the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord
what do lesions above the pyramidal decussation mean?
contralateral weakness
what do lesions below the pyramidal decussation mean?
ipsilateral weakness
what do lesions in the cerebellum lead to?
leads to disorders in coordination and balance aka ataxia
what is ataxia?
disorder in coordination and balance
what is the most important motor pathway in humans called?
corticospinal tract aka pyramidal tract
what are the two main pathways in the spinal cord for somatic sensation?
posterior column pathway
anterolateral pathway
what is the posterior column pathway?
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
study guide UPDATED 2024
What are the three main divisions of the developing brain?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
What is the forebrain (prosencephalon) divided into?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What is the telencephalon composed of?
Cerebral hemisphere and has structures like the cerebral cortex, white matter and
basal ganglia
What is the diencephalon composed of?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
What is the midbrain (mesencephalon) composed of?
contains the cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum
midbrain connects the forebrain and hindbrain
What is the Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) divided into?
pons and cerebellum aka metencephalon
medulla aka myelencephalon
what is the cephalic flexure?
divides brain and brainstem
what is the cervical flexure?
divides brainstem from spinal cord
Where is the choroid plexus located?
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
,Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
lies within the subarachnoid space
choroid plexus is where CSF is formed
What is the flow of CSF circulation?
1. choroid plexus
2. lateral ventricle
3. intraventricular foramen
4. 3rd ventricle
5. cerebral aqueduct
6. 4th ventricle
7. foramen of magendi
What are glial cells?
support cells
What are bipolar neurons?
single dendrite and single axon arising from cell body
mostly sensory neurons -- such as vision and olefactory
what are unipolar neurons?
both axons and dendrites arise from a single process coming off the cell body
occurring mainly in invertebrates
what are oligodendrocytes?
myelin forming glial cells in the CNS
what are schwann cells?
myelin forming glial cells in the PNS
what is neuromodulation?
regulates synaptic transmission, neuronal growth and other functions
facilitates or inhibits the subsequent signaling properties of the neuron
what is white matter?
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
, Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
areas of CNS with myelinated axons
what is gray matter?
areas of CNS made up mainly of cell bodies
most of local synaptic communication between neurons in CNS occurs here
What is an afferent pathway?
pathways carrying signals towards a structure
What is an efferent pathway?
pathways carrying signals away from a structure
What is the 'crossing over' in a motor system called?
pyramidal decussation
occurs at the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord
what do lesions above the pyramidal decussation mean?
contralateral weakness
what do lesions below the pyramidal decussation mean?
ipsilateral weakness
what do lesions in the cerebellum lead to?
leads to disorders in coordination and balance aka ataxia
what is ataxia?
disorder in coordination and balance
what is the most important motor pathway in humans called?
corticospinal tract aka pyramidal tract
what are the two main pathways in the spinal cord for somatic sensation?
posterior column pathway
anterolateral pathway
what is the posterior column pathway?
Clinical Neuroscience Exam 1 USAHS
