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Sophia Haddad Focused Exam
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10/3/24, 7:30 PMEUNICE
Pre Modern History Final WITH 100% SURE ANSWERS
Terms in this set (114)
Roman aristocracy revolted
Rome- from monarchy to republic - because their king was not Roman but Etruscan
- "Never again king"
- 2 consuls
- citizen assembly
New Roman republican institutions
- 300 member senate
- REPUBLIC! (no king, govern themselves)
With its allies in the "latin league"
- defeating the Etruscans (North) and Greek colonies (South)
New Republican soon gained control over
all of Italy
After reassuring its latin allies:
- give us loyalty and troops, you get legal protection, and partial citizenship
"Struggle of the orders"
- Patricians (aristocrats) and Pelebians (commoners) eventually agreed:
- pleibans got 2 tribunes to voice specific pleiban concerns
New republican granted its own Plebians
- the law of 12 tables was to be displaced in public
more Republican rights as well
- pleiban assembly - decisions became binding
- 1/2 councils had to be pleiban
- marriage between pleiabns and patricians allowed
Republic gained control over the Punic wars
Meditteranean
Phoenicia = Carthage v. Roman republic
- rome fought against "Phonecia"
- Hannibal, phonecian general fought Romans
- used elephants to travel to Italy
Punic wars
- used giant rafts to get across river and heat and vinegar to crack rocks and
mountains in the alps
- Rome defeated Carthage
- Roman then grows and expands
Locked out of power:
- masses of enslaves (prisoners of war)
- also many landless poor Romans whose small plots were brought up by large
Territories Rome gained through the Punic
landowner, whose "latifundia" kept getting bigger
Wars brought new domestic problems
- those landless poor Roman are unhappy in the capital city
- bringing problems of rapid growth to the capital city and the institution of the
Republic itself
Republic Rome then becomes an empire
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, 10/3/24, 7:30 PM
- solution in land distribution?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus - plus concerns for extortion and corruption
- both paid with their lives
Gaius Marius - solution dropping property requirements for your army?
- a patrician consul and general, opponent of general Gaius Marius
- Marius had the support of the Plebeian assembly
Lucis Cornelius Sulla
- Sulla seized Rome and murdered 3,000 opponents (supporters of Marius)
- In response: Senate elects him dictator for a year
Seized Rome with his troops
- became "dictator for life"
- centralized military
Julius Caesar, nephew of Gaius Marius - redistributed latifundia to war veterans, other allies
- major urban unemployment projects
- alliance with Cleopatra
- BUT, aristocrats assassinated Caeser
- with on one hand Ocatavian = Caesars teenage adopted son
Civil conflict and military battles followed
- on the other hand Mark Anthony (close friend of Caesar) and Cleopatra (mother of
the death of Caesar
Caesarian, Caesar's biological son)
Cleopatra Greek, Egyptian ruler
- both Cleopatra and Mark Anthony die by suicide
- Octavian took Egypt, used Cleopatras treasury to pay his veterans, had Caesarian
Octavian defeated Mark Anthony in a navy
killed, and ruled the Roman territories alone with the title "Augustus"
battle at Actium Greece
- took direct control of the army
- Unlike Julius, he maintained the senate
45 years of imperial rule under his reign
Result of Octavians ruling
- empire itself lasted until 476 BCE
- volunteers, sold freedom for at least 5 years to play in the arena
- 90% chance for a gladiator to win the fight
The Colosseum and the Gladiators - valued gladiators - paid for their injuries
- religion followed by the gladiators = Nemesis
- political fame and entertainment
- contains images of gladiators through 3 distinct scenes: human v. human, human v.
animal, animal v. animal
- gladiators could be criminals or slaves or free men forced, sometimes volunteers
to fight
Roman drinking cup
- gladiators named incised on vase
- numbers that indicate how many times they fought and survived
- gladiator games is element in festivals for Gods, divine emperor - demonstrates
wealth and Roman culture
- loved ones wrote on tombstones (mainly wives)
- thought gladiators were well deserving
Tombstones for gladiators
- "take this warning and will whom you vanquish, and may his fans cherish his
departed spirit"
- mentions of hard work and reputation
- "she kept the house, made wool"
- valued hard working women
- wrote to spirits of the dead
Tombstones for women
- "tomb does not pass to external heirs"
- women made tomb for themself, husband, and freedman
- Pompeia had fortune and talks about how it doesn't last forever - "the gift of salvias
and heros"
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