Complete summary Transport Geography (lectures literature) - Complete summary Transport Geography (lectures literature) [2020]
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Course
Transport geography (GEO33302)
Institution
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Complete summary of the course transport geography including all notes of the lectures and related literature is incorporated. With handy rows set up so you can quickly get it in your head, success with learning!
Complete summary of the course transport geography including lecture-notes and the li...
transport geography summary transport geography transport geography transport geography summary transport geography
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Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Sociale Geografie en Planologie
Transport geography (GEO33302)
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Hoorcollege 1, Marco Helbich, (12-11-2019)
Significance of transport: since the beginning of human history urge for mobility, contributed to
prosperity of nations.
Why do we travel? -theoretical perspectives-
● ‘to transform the geographical attributes of freight, people or information, from an origin to a
destination’ (Rodrigue, 2013)
● Travel as constrained behavior (capability, authority, coupling, constraints)
● Travel as an outcome of decisions (utility maximization)
Core components (Rodrigue, 2013)
● Modes
- Conveyances (vehicles used to move passengers or freight
- Mobile elements of transportation
● Infrastructures
- Physical support of transport modes, such as routes and terminals
- Fixed elements of transportation
● Networks
- System of linked locations (nodes)
- Functional and spatial organization of transportation
● Flows
- Movements of people, freight and information over their network
- Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations.
Travel modes and the spatial consideration of movement
● Spatial constraints (i.e. distance) impede movement)
● After a certain distance a mode is not economically justified anymore
What influences travel decisions? → Individual, household and trip characteristics.
● This does not happen in a vacuum, has a geographical setting
● Environmental characteristics at the origin, destination and en-route.
Transport and its societal and environmental impact
● Positive effects → Access to services; Independence and freedom to move; Global
space-time convergence (less days required to circumnavigate the globe)
● Negative effects → Noise pollution; Road safety; Adverse economic and health
effects; land-use patterns; car emissions, smog, accidents
Conclusion
● transport is one of the most important human activities
● significance of transportation is still growing
● changing travel patterns and choices
- increased complexity
- individualization and diversification
● Resulting challenges ⇒ Health impacts, climate change, congestion
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, Hoorcollege 2 - Dick Ettema - (14-11-2019)
Theoretical perspectives on travel and transportation
Why do we see different travel patterns in different geographical contexts?
What drives travel?
● Needs (reasons for travel) and opportunities
● Locations and resistance (constraints)
● Choices
Conceptueel model Van Wee and Annema (2014)
● Needs & opportunities
● Locations
● Resistance by travel mode
● TRAVEL (trips by mode)
Needs and opportunities (Chapin, 1974)
● Scientific underpinning of city planning
● Study of human behaviour in the city
● Cities should accommodate human activity patterns
● Wider range of activities/trips, not only car commuting.
● Trips derived from activities
- → Activities (and travel) driven by motivations, roles, opportunities, which may
change over time!
Trends that influence need for travel
Economic growth; (female) labour force participation; higher share in higher education; ICT; social
networks; demographic transitions; ethnic composition.
Reasons for leisure travel (Harms, 2007)
● increasing amount of free time (1945-85), decreasing (1985-now)
● Increasing income levels
● Intensification of leisure activities, higher expenditures
● Leisure consumption to define lifestyle
● ‘Experience economy’
● Development of leisure periphery (economies of scale)
2
, Why do travel patterns in Calgary, Amsterdam & Hong Kong differ? → Due too different
distancenses to work, school etc. and different transport options (Time geography)
Locations and resistance: constraints
Time geography (Hägerstrand, 1970) → Individuals follow path through space and time.
● liveability requires access to schools, theatres, libraries etc.
- liveability = location choice and movement of people to make money/consume.
● organisation at the micro level (subject to change and context)
● Roles/activities are linked to places and times
● Limiting access to facilities/liveability
Constraints (Hägerstrand, 1970)
● Capacity constraints (travel speed, time use)
- Individual capacity/skills determine freedom of movement
● Coupling constraint (work, household)
- Limitations because people need to be on specific places on a specific time.
● Authority constraints (regulation)
- Limitations by authorities.
● (Fixed activities serves as anchors)
Women combine work and household tasks, limiting their DPPA compared to men.
Advantages of time geography
● Declares differences in travel behavior of people.
● Is useful to investigate people’s options and limitations (in relation to their needs and daily
activity patterns)
● Makes accessibility person specific
Criticisms on time geography (Sui, 2012)
● Time geography has to much social and emotional context
● Unclear boundaries between place and space
● To much human agency
● (Reductionist, objectivistic)
Travel as a decision
● Given CCA constraints (usually) many options remain
● This implies choices regarding locations, travel mode, time of day etc.
● to understand travel you must understand people's choices :
- mico-economic discrete choice models [random utility theory] (Ben-Akiva & Lerman,
1985)
- Psychological behavioural models.
Discrete choices, relevant because by knowing the choices we’re able to forecast the future
● Mode choice
● Destination choice
● Departure time choice
Policy relevance
● Influencing choices
- stimulating public transport to fight congestion and pollution
- promoting active travel
- marketing
3
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