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Test Bank for An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 6th Bryan Kolb , Ian Q. Whishaw , G. Campbell Teskey A+ 2024
Brain & Behavior (Chapter 1 & 2)
Complete summary of Brain & Behavior
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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
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Neuropsychology
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COLLEGE 1
Dependent on heredity
Relatively Fixed Behaviors
Dependent on learning
Relatively Flexible Behaviors
An explanation of behavior as a function of the
nonmaterial mind.
Mentalism Aristotle -> Psyche or soul: Synonym for mind;
an entity once proposed to be the source of
human behavior, that lives after death
Both a nonmaterial mind and the material body
contribute to behavior.
Descartes -> Mind directs rational behavior.
Dualism Body and brain direct all other behavior via
mechanical and physical principles - Examples:
sensation, movement, and digestion.
Mind-body problem
Behavior can be explained as a function of the
nervous system without considering the mind
Materialism as a separate substance.
Related to evolutionary theory of Charles
Darwin + natural selection (competition)
Neural tissue has the capacity to adapt to the
Neuroplasticity world by changing how its functions are
organized
Study of differences in gene expression related
to environment and
Epigenetics Experience
Epigenetic factors do not change your genes,
but they do influence how your
genes operate
Major structure of the brain, consisting of two
almost identical hemispheres (left and right).
Forebrain Prominent in mammals and birds, responsible
for most higher order conscious behaviors.
Quite comples behavior.
“Little brain” Involved in the coordination of
Cerebellum motor and cognitive processes
Central structures of the brain, including the
hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus & hypothalamus.
Brainstem Source of behavior in simpler animals,
responsible for most of our unconscious
behaviors.
Consists of nerves that carry incoming and
Spinal cord outgoing messages between the brain and the
rest of the body including reflexes
, Explains most compex behavior Forebrain and cortex
The cerebral cortex is a thin sheet composed of
6 layers of nerve cells folded many times to fit
Cerebral / Neo cortex inside the skull responsible for regulating
various mental activities. A lot of higher order
functions.
Bumps
Gyri
Grooves
Sulci
Evolutionary older part of cortex consisting of 3
or 4 layers of nerve cells present in structures of
Cerebal/ Allocortex the limbic system (cingulate cortex,
hippocampus, amygdala), as well as structures
related to the olfactory system.
Controlling motivational states, attention, and
Cingulate cortex self-monitoring
The actual cell bodies (about 80 billion neurons)
Gray Matter and their dendrites
Fat-sheathed neuronal axons, plus glial cells
White Matter (about 100 billion) for structural support. With
fat -> that’s why it’s white
Fiber system consisting of white matter tracts
connecting the two cerebral hemispheres . The
Corpus Callosum corpus callosum is the largest white matter
structure in the brain, consisting of 200-250
million contralateral axonal projections
Fluid
Lateral ventricles
(speech, initiates muscle movement, planning,
Lobes of the cerebral cortex: frontal decision making and executive functioning
cognitive and sensory integration for touch and
Lobes of the cerebral cortex: Parietal body position, attention
auditory, taste, memory, sensory integration
Lobes of the cerebral cortex: Temporal
visual
Lobes of the cerebral cortex: Occipital
Controls voluntary movement: Control and
, coordination of movement patterns rather than
deciding to move or activating the muscles to
Forebrain: Basal ganglia move. Works together with thalamus,
substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus.
Parkinson’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome
Basal ganglia related disorders
Amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate cortex.
Forebrain: Limbic System The limbic System regulates emotions and
MEMORY
ppocampus - Representation Episodic
Hippocampus Memories (holiday)
Some of these become semantic memories, not
associated with any particular event
-Emotional associations (emotional memories)
Amygdala are formed here
- They color or stamp all perceptual information
with emotional significance (EDMR)
Controlling motivational states, attention, and
Cingulate cortex self-monitoring. Noticing that you make a
mistake and the reaction.
- Four Ventricles: cavities in the brain that
contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Forebrain & Brain Stem: Ventricles - Two lateral ventricles (left and right)
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
Sodium chloride and other salts
Forebrain & Brain Stem: Cerebrospinal Fluid - Fills the ventricles and circulates around the
(CSF) brain and spinal cord
- Cushions the brain
-Developed as simple animals evolved a brain
-Begins where spinal cord enters the skull
Brainstem -Receives incoming information from senses
and sends information out to control muscles
Three regions: Diencephalon, Midbrain,
Hindbrain
Hormone function – Through connections with
the pituitary gland
, - Feeding
- Sexual behavior
- Aggressive behavior
- Sleeping
- Temperature regulation
Hypothalamus - Emotional behavior!!!!!!!
- The hypothalamus is the regulator of the
body’s interior
- Note that the hypothalamus regulates the
body in two different ways: through hormones
(released in blood) and by direct axonal
connections (the ANS)
Information from all sensory systems is
Thalamus organized, integrated and projected into the
appropriate region of the neocortex relay
station for sensory information
Sensory component of the midbrain. Receives
massive amount of sensory information from
Midbrain: Tectum the eyes and ears through nerves bundles
called superior and inferior colliculus
respectively. Process sensory information and
orienting movements (turning head to source of
sound)
- Red nucleus: Limb movements
- Substantia nigra: Initiate movement together
Midbrain: Tegmentum with basal ganglia and forebrain
- Periacqueductal gray: Cell bodies surrounding
ventricles control species-typical behavior (e.g.
female sexual behavior)
Stimulates the forebrain: Regulation of sleep-
Hindbrain: Reticular Formation wake behavior and behavioral arousal including
freezing or attacking
- Connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain -
Hindbrain: Pons (“bridge”) Controls important movements of the body
Vital functions: Control of breathing and heart
Hindbrain: Medulla rate
- Controls complex movements and cognitive
functions
- More neurons than in the rest of the brain
- Size increases with the physical speed and
Hindbrain: Cerebellum function dexterity of a species
- Relatively large cerebellums enable fine,
coordinated movements such as flight and
landing in birds and prey catching in cats
- Slow-moving animals such as the sloth have
smaller cerebellums relative to their brain size
- Controls most body movements usually
following instructions of the brain
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