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EDF 6222 Final Exam Study Guide with
Verified Solutions
psychophysical parallelism - Answer✔✔-While some methodological behaviorists accept that there are
mental states, they have ruled them completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was
once referred to as .
methodological - Answer✔✔-behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version of logical
positivism or operationism.
introspection - Answer✔✔-Structuralism relied on , which looked inward to describe sensations, images,
and feelings
philosophy - Answer✔✔-"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the of that science"
(Skinner, 1974. p.3).
parsimony - Answer✔✔-With , we look for the simplest explanation possible, not extensive mentalistic
explanations.
bias, evidence, replication - Answer✔✔-In order to be excellent stewards of science, as behavior
analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing
___ by ensuring interobserver agreement, examining for actual ___(as opposed to effects that could
have produced changes without the intervention), ___ , and self-correction.
evidence - Answer✔✔-Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is available, assumptions
should not be made.
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science, lawful relations - Answer✔✔-"___ is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It
is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in ___ to other events (Skinner, 1953,
p.6)."
mentalistic, explanatory - Answer✔✔-In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to conclusions to
suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food, and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled
conditions that allowed him to show that particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion.
His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed him to avoid both ___ and ___ fictions
debilitating - Answer✔✔-The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are for the survival
of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that serve
no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our complex lives.
conditioning, stimulus control, novel - Answer✔✔-Skinner (1953) informed us "Although the process of
__ greatly extends the scope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism
within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous different eliciting stimuli, but it will never
fashion a __ response.
prediction, control, accessible - Answer✔✔-According to Skinner, contingencies of reinforcement have
an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with __
and __ and the conditions under which a species acquires behavior are relatively __ and can often be
manipulated".
ontogeny - Answer✔✔-is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime.
phylogeny - Answer✔✔-is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species.
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chain, learned - Answer✔✔-It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and phylogenic
established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex __ for the first time, it may seem mysterious. But
each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just because the shaping process was
not observed, it does not mean that it was not __ . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no
comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966,
p.1208).
genes, environment, cause - Answer✔✔-Moore (2015) stated " __ predispose an individual's
susceptibility to influence from the __ (p. 27). We must be careful not to assert that genes "__ "
behavior; rather, they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that participate in
behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the environment.
model - Answer✔✔-Imitative responses necessarily require the learner to orient toward the __ rather
than the topographical correspondence of their behavior with respect to the model.
discriminative control - Answer✔✔-The use of the mirror provides the additional feedback required to
receive __ of the model.
think - Answer✔✔-The most substantial origins of our understanding of operant behavior derived from
Darwin's controversial idea that humans were not unique in their ability to
law of effect, pleasant, decrease - Answer✔✔-Thorndike's __ succinctly explained that organisms tend to
learn new things when behaviors are followed by __ stimuli and that behaviors tend to __ when followed
by negative stimuli
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