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BIOLOGY 2C03 – Genetics Midterm exam 2 tips (actual guide questions and answers) McMaster University $13.49
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BIOLOGY 2C03 – Genetics Midterm exam 2 tips (actual guide questions and answers) McMaster University
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BIOLOGY 2C03 – Genetics Midterm exam 2 tips (actual guide questions and answers) McMaster University

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  • October 4, 2024
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BIOLOGY 2C03 – Genetics Midterm exam 2
tips (actual guide questions and answers)
McMaster University

,Genetics - a subfeild of biology that investigates how genotypic and phenotypic variations in
organisms are inherited



-critical role in personalized medicine

-drug design development



gene - a region of DNA that helps determine a characteristic



allele - one of two or more alternate versions of a gene



locus - specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele



genotype - combination of alleles at one or more loci possessed by an individual



heterozygote - An individual organism possessing two different alleles at the same locus



homozygote - an indvidual organism possessing the same alleles at the same locus



phenotype - aka trait

the appearance or manifestation of a character



How long have humans been aware of genetics and how - 10,000 years via selective breeding

,Types of genetics - transmission : investigates the transmission of traits from generation to
generation

molecular genetics: studies the inheritance, variation and expression of proteins and nucleic
acids

evolutionary genetics: studies the origins of and genetic relationships between organisms



Pedigree Analysis - whether a specific phenotypic trait is controlled by autosome or sex
chromosome



How did modern genetics develop - rediscovery of mendels findings--> chromosomes viewed
during cell division-->chromosomal theory of inheritance--> DNA identified as hereditary
material-->structure--> replication--> translation/transcription-->cloning and recombinant
DNA--> genomics era-->proteomics/transcriptomics



Prokaryotes - -haploid

-one chromosome(circular)

-asexual reprod(mitosis)

-coding sequence is not disrupted



eukaryotes - -diploid

-compartmentalized

-multiple chromosomes(linear)

-sexual reprod (meiosis, production of gametes)

-nucleus

-coding sequence is disrupted by introns which must be removed before translation

, gel electrophoresis - -assay variation of genome at DNA, mRNA, protein levels

based on charge, shape, size using electric feild

- move to + end of plate due to - charge on bio molecules

- used first by linus pauling for sickle cell anemia



2 types of gel electrophoresis - -agarose gel: easy to make, not good resolution



-polyacrylamide gel: high resolution: differences at individual base pairs are distinguishable



DNA Stain - Ethidium Bromide binds to sugar phosphate bb of NA

- fluoresces under UV



Protein Stain - Coomassie Brilliant Blue



Southern Blot - DNA transfer named after Edwin Southern

-hybridizes DNA +DNA



Western Blot - proteins

-hybridizes protein + protein



Northern - mRNA

-hybridizes DNA +mRNA



Blotting - The transfer of DNA or proteins from an electrophoresis gel to a durable synthetic
membrane material

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