Pathology Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions 2024/2025
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Course
Pathology
Institution
Pathology
Pathology Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions 2024/2025
Physiological stress - ANSWERSany condition that challenges the homeostasis of a cell or organism (any interaction)
Pathological stress - ANSWERSany condition that exceeds the cell or organisms' ability to restore homeostasis in ...
Pathology Exam 1 Questions with
Complete Solutions 2024/2025
Physiological stress - ANSWERSany condition that challenges the homeostasis of a cell or organism (any
interaction)
Pathological stress - ANSWERSany condition that exceeds the cell or organisms' ability to restore
homeostasis in a physiological way (results in injury)
hypertrophy vs hyperplasia - ANSWERS-hypertrophy- increase in cell size
-hyperplasia- increase in cell number
what is involved in hypertrophy - ANSWERSgene activation, protein production, organelle production to
increase cell size
what is involved in hyperplasia - ANSWERSproduction of new cells from stem cells
*picture of extra thickened, enlarged left ventricle*. This patient has had hypertension for 30 years and is
now experiencing congestive heart failure. What explains the cellular adaption?
a) hyperplasia
b) hypertrophy
c) both a and b - ANSWERSb) hypertrophy (cardiac muscle can only undergo hypertrophy)
Pathogenic ________ can progress to metaplasia and eventually cancer - ANSWERShyperplasia
,what is an exception to pathogenic hyperplasia progressing to cancer - ANSWERSBenign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH) (does NOT elad to increased risk for prostate cancer)
Atrophy results from... - ANSWERSa decrease in physiological stress (may occur via decrease in size
and/or number of cells)
ex of atrophy - ANSWERS-decreased hormonal stimulation ... periods
-disuse
-decreased nutrients
-decreased blood supply
decrease in cell number occurs via - ANSWERSapoptosis
A man stops exercising and loses muscle mass. Is this physiologic or pathologic - ANSWERSphysiologic
A man is in a motorcycle accident and severs his brachial plexus, losing blood flow and innervation to his
right arm. He loses muscle mass in his arm. Is this physiological or pathological? - ANSWERSpathological
Atrophy due to a decrease in cell size occurs via... - ANSWERSUbiquitin-Proteosome Degredation of the
cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components
Ubiquitin-proteasome degredation - ANSWERSUbiquitin tags intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
and then proteosomes destroy them
Autophagy of cellular components - ANSWERS-Autophagic vacuoles are formed
-autophagic vacuoles fuse with lysosomes whose hydrolytic enzymes digest the cellular components
Metaplasia - ANSWERSa change in cell type to a different cell type secondary to a change in stress on an
organ or tissue
, Metaplasia is most common on what tissue? - ANSWERSsurface of epithelium (serosa of internal organs
or surface of skin)
What are examples of metaplasia - ANSWERS-Barrett esophagus from GERD
-Squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in smokers
-Acitinc (sun related) damage or squamous metaplasia of the skin (acitinic keratosis)q
Barrett Esophagus (describe the process) - ANSWERS-the esophagus is normally lined with
nonkeratinized squamous epithelium that protects from the friction of a swallowed bolus of food
-GERD occurs when acid from the stomach refluxes up to the lower esophagus
-This leads to metaplasia from normal nonkeratanized squamous epithelium to non-ciliated mucin-
producing columnar cells and goblet cells
-the new metaplastic cells are better able to handle the stress of the acid
Metaplasia occurs via - ANSWERSreprogramming of stem cells
Is metaplasia reversible? - ANSWERSYes, it is reversible if the causative stressor is removed
With continued stress after metaplasia occurs, what happens? - ANSWERSmetaplasia --> dysplasia -->
cancer (Barrett esophagus --> adenocarcinoma of the esophagus)
Metaplasia gives an increased risk of ____. What is an exception to this? - ANSWERS-cancer
-apocrine metaplasia of breast carries no increased risk for breast cancer
Vitamin A deficiency can result in... - ANSWERSxerophthalmia: metaplasia of the conjunctival and
corneal epithelium (major cause of blindness and extreme dry eye)
keratomalacia - ANSWERSnormal non-keratinized squamous epithelium undergoes metaplasia and turns
into stratified keratinized squamous epithelium, leading to severe dryness and thinning of the cornea
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