Exam (elaborations)
NUR 280 PATHO EXAM
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Exam of 68 pages for the course NUR 280 at NUR 280 (NUR 280 PATHO EXAM)
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NUR 280 PATHO EXAMPathophysiology - ANSWER study of changes of cells, tissues, and organs of the
body that cause or are caused by disease or pathological changes
changes are borth structural and functional
Etiology - ANSWER cause of disease
Pathogenesis - ANSWER development of disease
Morphology - ANSWER Morphologic changes (gross and microscopic)
Histology (the study of the cells and extracellular matrix)
Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER signs and symptoms
What's the difference between signs and symptoms? - ANSWER Symptom →
subjective; what the patient says or describes
Sign → objective; provides supportive data
Diagnosis - ANSWER developed by weighing possibilities and selecting the most
likely one responsible for the cause of the health problem
Clinical Course - ANSWER Acute
Subacute
Chronic: generally longer than 3 months
Etiological Factors - ANSWER causes of disease; examples...
Biological agents (ex. bacteria, virus)
Physical forces (ex. trauma, burns, radiation)
Chemical agents (ex. pisons, alcohol)
Nutritional abnormalities (ex. excess or deficit of nutrients)
Factors Impacting Adaptation to Stress - ANSWER Age
Health status
Psychosocial resources
Ability to adapt (quick versus slow)
,Availability of adaptive responses along with the ability of the body to select the
appropriate response needed
Cross-Sectional Studies - ANSWER use the simultaneous collection of information
to classify exposure and outcome status
Case-Control Studies - ANSWER compare case subjects to control subjects
Cohort Studies - ANSWER involve groups born approximately at the same time or
who share some characteristics of interest
Validity - ANSWER extent to which the measurement tool measures what it is
supposed to measure
Example: BP (palpated versus arterial line)
*Ask yourself: can I rely on this tool?
Reliability - ANSWER extent to which an observation if repeated gives the same
results
Example: calibration of instruments
Sensitivity - ANSWER proportion of people who are positive for the diagnosis
Example: true positive for strep throat
Specificity - ANSWER proportion of people without the disease who are negative
for the test
Example: true negative
95% specificity = the test correctly identifies 95 out of 100 of normal people (meaning
that 5% are false positives)
Epidemiology - ANSWER the study of disease occurrence
Disease Case - ANSWER either existing or new episodes of disease
Incidence - ANSWER number of new cases in a population at risk at a specific time
Reported as #NEW per 100,000 people
Prevalence - ANSWER measures existing disease in a population at a specific time
Reported as #PER 100 or #PER 1,000
Morbidity - ANSWER Life-long or chronic
Impact of illness on a person's life
Incidence
,Long-term impact of the disease
Mortality - ANSWER cause of death in a population
Primary Prevention - ANSWER removing risk factors to prevent the disease
process
Example: immunizations
Secondary Prevention - ANSWER detecting the disease early; asymptomatic or
early disease where treatment can cure or prevent progression
Example: Pap smears, smoking cessation
Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER preventing further worsening (deterioration) or
reduce complications of a disease process
Example: antibiotics, support groups (AA) for substance abuse disorder
Question #1: The mechanism of high blood pressure is an example of
____________?
A. Physiology
B. Pathology
C. Pathophysiology - ANSWER (C) pathophysiology
Question #2: Is the following statement true or false? Reliability is the extent to which
the measurement tool measures what it is supposed to measure - ANSWER False,
because that definition is for validity. Reliability is the extent to which an observation
if repeated gives the same results
Question #3: Which of the following best describes the term etiology?
A. The study of disease progression
B. The study of disease causes
C. The study of disease populations
D. The study of disease resolution - ANSWER (B) the study of disease causes
Question #4: Which of the following best describes the progression of a disease?
A. Clinical course
B. Prognosis
C. Diagnosis
D. Plan of care - ANSWER (A) clinical course
Homeostasis is responsible for... (Name 9 Things) - ANSWER Conductivity
Reproduction
Excretion
Metabolic absorption
Communication
Oxygen absorption
Movement
Secretion
, Electrical impulses
Atrophy - ANSWER cellular "shrinkage" or decrease in size of a cell
Causes of Atrophy - ANSWER Disuse
Denervation
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Inadequate nutrition
Ischemia (decrease in blood flow)
Example: stroke, spinal cord injury
Hypertrophy - ANSWER cellular "enlargement" or increase in size of a cell
Causes of Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increased workload
Lack of adaptability
*Hypertrophy can be good or bad depending on the circumstance. Increase muscles
are good, but enlargement of the heart is bad
Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
Causes of Hyperplasia - ANSWER Activation of a gene controlling cell replication
and growth
Example: prostate enlargement
Metaplasia - ANSWER change in cell shape
reversible, but if not stopped, can lead to pre-cancerous or cancerous growths
Dysplasia - ANSWER altered cellular growth and nucleic division
can be pre-cancerous or cancerous
What can cause cell death or cellular injury? - ANSWER Physical agents
Radiation injury
Chemical injury
Biologic agents
Nutritional imbalances
Reversible Cell Injury - ANSWER Impairs cell function, but does not result in cell
death
Two patterns of reversible cell injury occur:
Cellular Swelling & Fatty Change
Cellular Swelling - ANSWER impairment of the energy-depending Na+/K+ ATPase
membrane pump
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