BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 14TH EDITION
KATZUNG TREVOR TEST BANK COMPLETE TEST BANK ALL 64
CHAPTERS QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
Mechanism of Action - The way a drug exerts its effect
Mechanism of Action related to Drug Effect - Narcotic analgesic produces analgesia by
STIMULATING the cells that reduce pain transmission
-Drug stimulates cell which is mechanism
-Reduced pain is the effect
Receptor - The specific site at which an individual drug molecule acts to produce a
pharmacological effect.
How do drugs interact with receptors? - The drug reacts with a receptor that triggers or
blocks a biological activity.
Receptors (Agonist) - They "turn on" or trigger a response or biological activity
Receptors (Antagonist) - They "turn off" or block a response, or biological from the drug
Pharmacokinetics - Describes how the body effects a drug including how the drug is
ABSORBED into the bloodstream, DISTRIBUTED to tissues and fluids,
METABOLIZED, and EXCRETED from the body.
4 Processes that comprise pharmacokinetic handling of a drug by the body -
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
-All 4 processes occur simultaneously
Clinical Pharmacology ? - The study of the effects of drugs in humans.
A drug substance is used to... - TREAT disease, RELIEVE symptoms of disease, or
CURE the disease
3 Principal components of Clinical Pharmacology? - Pharmacodynamics,
Pharmacokinetics, Drug Delivery System
PHARMACODYNAMICS - The study of the effects of drugs on the body and their
mechanisms of action.
Therapeutic Effect - An INTENDED effect of the drug
-an effect to treat or or prevent a disease, or relieve its symptoms
, Clinical Effect - The effect of a drug on a patient
AKA: Drug Effect
Non-Therapeutic Effects - Effects which may or may not be related to a drugs
therapeutic effects
-Adverse Effects / Side Effects
Absorption - The transfer of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
-Rate of absorption plays an important role in determining the amount of drug in the
blood, or its effectiveness
Oral Drug (Absorption) - -Is not as simple as other methods
-Must overcome numerous barriers before it can absorbed into the blood
-FIRST, must withstand acidity of stomach
-SECOND, Resist destruction by bacteria and enzymes within the small intestine and
survive metabolism as it is absorbed through the gut lining
-LAST, drugs must pass through portal circulation before reaching the systemic
circulation
Portal Circulation - Carries blood and its contents to the liver as a part of the body's
filtering mechanism.
First-Pass Effect / First-Pass Metabolism - -Enzymes in the liver metabolize a portion of
the drug dose before it ever reaches the systemic circulation
-Can substantially limit the extent of absorption of many oral drugs by reducing the
amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation.
-It reduces the amount of unchanged drug that enters the systemic circulation.
Other factors of Oral Drug Absorption Pt.1 - Amount of drug administrated at one time
(dose)
-Larger doses are absorbed faster
Drug Formulations
-Can be manipulated to enhance, delay, or sustain absorption EX:Time release
,Extended release
Acidity or alkalinity of the stomach and intestine
-Acidic drugs are absorbed better from the acidic environment of the stomach
-Alkaline drugs are better absorbed in the neutral environment of the intestine
Other factors of Oral Drug Absorption Pt.2 - Rate of gastric emptying
-How quickly or slowly stomach contents move through the GI.
-If process is delayed by certain foods or drugs, the absorption will also be delayed.
Presence of food in the stomach
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