,SolutionManualfor
StatisticsforNursing
ResearchAWorkbook
forEvidence-Based
Practice4thEdition
SusanGroveDaisha
,The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
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wrationale for your answer. w w w
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
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wwere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs
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wthe subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually
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won more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The
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w current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered,
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wsince no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see
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wFigure 1 -1; Grove& Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
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w for your answer.
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Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac
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wpatients were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
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w for this sample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
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wDiscuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
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wresulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
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wRatio - level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove
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w& Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
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wstudy:What category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than $50,000 w w
b. $50,000 to 59,999
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c. $60,000 to 69,999
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d. $70,000 to 80,000 w w
e. $80,000 or greater
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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
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rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
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catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The
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wtwo open- ended w w
AG 1-1 w
, AG 1-2
w Answer w Guidelines w for w Questions w to w Be w Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since
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wcatego- ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000
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w might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category
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w (e) could
w be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The
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wcategories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent
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wwith ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your
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answer. Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a
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26-item Likertscale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants
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rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity
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in the depressionsymptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this
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multi-item scale areconsidered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017;
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Waltz et al., 2017).
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6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
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wfor the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor
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wstudy participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5,
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wso parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
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w2017).
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
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wimportance of this result. w w w
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
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wgreater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of
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wthe subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number
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wof sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class
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wincreases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in
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wemotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for
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w depression, especially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated
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was needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being
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wtreated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the
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wnearest whole percent (%). w w w
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
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w15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac
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w patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is
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w calculatedby the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%.
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w For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% =
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w86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the
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w question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with
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wantidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with anw w w w w w w w w w w w
wantidepressant.
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
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wclinical practice? w
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
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wsteady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
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wdetermine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional
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w statusscore could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain
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w functional statusof cardiac patients. w w w
