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CLTM STUDY EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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CLTM STUDY EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
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CLTM Exam 2024/2025 With 100% Correct AnswersVNS (vagus nerve stimulation) - ✔✔Dr. Zabara developed in the mid-80s. FDA approved in 1997
for partial seizure onset.
VNS device is made of - ✔✔constant current pulse generator and 2 platinum spiral electrodes;
coiled around left vagus nerve.
VNS, how does it stop seizure? - ✔✔Thought to increase inhibitory neurotransmitters and decrease
excretory neurotransmitters. Blood flow increases and decreases in different parts of brain also
contributes.
FIRDA caused by: - ✔✔toxic metabolic encephalopathy
VSN seizure highest % decrease (year): - ✔✔3 years post implantation
Lennox-Gastaut and VNS: - ✔✔these patients become more alert and have better behavior control
Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity (IRDA) - ✔✔Is seen maximal over the frontal or occipital
lobes and can be caused by various reasons, some benign or unknown, but also are commonly
associated with lesions and tumors. Gray matter is sick right now.
% of epileptic patients who are refractory to medication: - ✔✔30%
Locus Ceruleusceruleus: - ✔✔A nucleus in the pons involved with physiological responses to
stress and panic; principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine
Raphe nucleus (pons) - ✔✔main source of serotonin
Neurotransmitters have a big role in: - ✔✔Seizures and mood modulation
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