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ECS final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers
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ECS final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers
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ECS final exam study guideEcosystems - Answer -a network of interdependent:
-components (species)
-processes (feeding, respiration)
that allow materials and energy to flow from one component to another
population - Answer -number of individuals that make up an interbreeding, reproducing group
species - Answer -those individuals which have a strong similarity in appearance to each other and which
are distinct in appearance from other groups. Individuals in a species can interbreed and produce fertile
young
Autotrophs - Answer -self feeders (plants)
Heterotrophs - Answer -consumers:
herbivores- eat plants
carnivores - eat other animals
omnivores - eat plants and animals
Detritus-feeders/decomposers
,(also heterotrophs) - Answer -bacteria, fungi
primary producers - Answer -organisms that capture energy from the sun or from chemical reactions
Adaptation - Answer -genetic acquisition of traits that allow a population of a species for enhanced
survival
-acts on populations genetic structure through gene 'alleles'
-offspring of 'better competitors' have enhanced survival
habitat - Answer -environment where a species have adapted to biotic and abiotic factors
ecological niche - Answer -how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and
competitors and how it in turn alters those same factors
acclimation - Answer -the physiological response of an individual to change in its environment
biotic potential - Answer -the ability of a population to increase
environmental resistance - Answer -a combination of biotic and abiotic factors that may limit population
increase]
-predation, competition, disease
-adverse weather (winter), limited food/nutrients
-lack of suitable ehabitat
critical number - Answer -the lowest population level allowing for survival and recovery
carrying capacity - Answer -the maximum population a habitat can support with becoming degraded in
the long term
Reasons for Human population growth - Answer -reduction in death rates:
, -clean water
-improvements in nutrition
-discovery of antibiotics
-improvement in diagnosing diseases
-increase in number of women who actually reach child-bearing age
(biotic potential exceeds environmental resistance)
population momentum - Answer --the total number of childbearing people are increasing
-there may be fewer kids/family, but there are more families having kids
the rule of 70 - Answer -70 years/(growth in %)= doubling time in years
The Preston Curve - Answer -life expectancy rises as income rises
Vicious cycle - Answer --poor start with a very low level of capital per person
-ratio of capital per person actually falls from generation to generation
-the amount of capital per person declines when the population is growing faster than capital is being
accumulated
Family planning policy - Answer -officially restricts married, urban couples to having only one child
-several exemptions
-rural couples
-ethnic minorities
-parents without any siblings themselves
primary reasons for large families in developing countries - Answer -1. old age security
2. high infant and childhood mortality rates
3. children are an economic asset
4. lower importance of education
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