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BCSA Quiz 3 – Masonry Graded A+
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BCSA Quiz 3 – Masonry Graded A+
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BCSA Quiz 3 – Masonry Graded A+Ashlar - ANSWER-Cut or split stone patterns that we might see in a wall facing or
paving.
Brick - ANSWER-The worlds oldest manufacturing building commodity. Most commonly
clay brick.
Brick Bonds - ANSWER-Most common is the running bond. Architectural historians can
date a masonry building based on which bond is used.
Brick Characteristics - ANSWER-There is no standard brick today. Differences vary
depending on geographic location but also vary based on the desire of the designer for
color, texture, size, and aesthetic goals.
Brick Color - ANSWER-The color of a brick is either integral to the brick or on the
surface. Bricks are generally grouped into five color classifications: red, red multicolor,
buff/yellow, gray/brown, or blue. The color is determined by the amount of iron and
other mineral compounds found in the source clay. Large amounts of magnesium, the
amount of heat and firing and little or no oxygen produce a black colored brick. The
disadvantage of colored bricks is that if they chip a different color will be revealed
underneath.
Brick Dimensions - ANSWER-In the U.S. the approximate dimensions of a standard
brick is 4 inches by 8 inches by 2.66 inches. It fits easily in a hand. The nominal brick
size includes the bricks dimension plus one mortar joint, compared to the actual, smaller
brick size which omits the mortar joint. Other brick types include: Norman, Roman,
Engineer Modular, Economy, Utility, and SCR units.
Brick Grade - ANSWER-Designates a clay brick's durability when exposed to
weathering based on its compressive strength, maximum water absorption, and
maximum saturation coefficient.
Brick Grades - ANSWER-S.W. - ideal for sever weathering or exposure to water in a
subfreezing condition. Minimum compressive strength of 2,500psi. M.W. - moderate
exposure to moisture and freezing. It is typically used for above-grade construction and
little contact with water. Has minimum compressive strength of 2,200psi. N.W. - brick for
negligible exposure to moisture and freezing. Typically an internal brick with no
exposure to outdoor conditions. Compressive strength is a minimum of 1,250psi.
Brick Texture - ANSWER-The surface of a brick can vary. Texture determines how the
brick will age or weather, with a smooth-faced brick weathering better than a rough-
faced brick.
, C.M.U. Grades - ANSWER-Describes its strength and performance around moisture
and water. In the U.S. Grade N is a load-bearing block with compressive strength of
1,000 to 1,800 psi. These blocks can be used either above grade or below grade and be
exposed to water and moisture. Grade S is also a load-bearing block but has limited use
in exposure to water and moisture and has lower compressive strengths. It is used
above grade and can be used in exterior walls that have a weather-protective coating.
C.M.U. Shapes, Textures, and Colors - ANSWER-Split-faced units: stone-like
appearance. Fluted or ribbed-faced units give a decorative appearance. Ground-faced
units are mechanically abraded to expose the color of aggregate inside a relatively
smooth exposed surface.
Calcium Silicate Bricks - ANSWER-Invented in Germany at the end of the nineteenth
century during experimental attempts to create artificial stone. The raw substance is a
mixture of hydrated lime, water, and silica sand also known as sand lime or crushed flint
also known as flint lime. The mixture is pressed into its desired shape, hardened in a
sealed autoclave, and then pressure steamed. The curing process increases the bricks
strength and durability. Usually a dull white color but can be adjusted with pigments to
become more pink, gray, yellow or brown. Best avoided around coastal areas as salt
and water freezing can quickly deteriorate their structure. Advantages include high
thermal resistance and a long lifespan and are regarded as one of the strongest
masonry units. Often used as pipe insulation and as insulation panels.
Cavity Walls - ANSWER-Composed of at least two wythes with a continuous vertical
cavity separating them. The cavity is an air space usually two to four inches in width
between two wythes and may or may not contain thermal insulation. The main reasons
for using a cavity wall is to help resist moisture penetration within the masonry wall; it
also improves the walls thermal properties, sound resistance and fire resistance.
Cement in Relation to Mortar - ANSWER-In structural applications where greater
strength is required a mortar with higher cement content may be specified, but in other
applications, a mortar with lower cement content but more lime may be sufficient.
Clay - ANSWER-A mix of very fine inorganic minerals.
Clay Bricks - ANSWER-Was historically molded into a rectangular block but today is
extruded in a pug mill, usually with a series of holes that facilitate uniform drying and
firing. Bricks are fired into a continuous tunnel kiln at a peak temperature of 1800 to
2000 degrees Fahrenheit to vitrify the minerals. Physical properties can be controlled by
the firing process. Manufacturers optimize the process to produce products of high
strength and low permeability.
CMU - ANSWER-Concrete Masonry Unit. Made of Portland cement, aggregates of
various types, and water. CMUs rely upon a chemical hydration process of the cement
to durably bind the aggregates.
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