The cat Exam 2 Study Guide Questions And 100% Accurate Answers
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Course
KAT 2
Institution
KAT 2
role of the liver - Answer - produce bile
- metabolism of fats, proteins, and sugars
- maintains blood sugar (storage/breakdown of glycogen)
- stores various vitamins and minerals
- synthesis of plasma proteins and clotting factors
- blood detoxification & purification
excess dietary pro...
entry to krebs cycle (glucose to pyruvate, enters mitochondria and becomes acetyl-CoA)
oxidative deamination - Answer pathway involving the catabolism (breakdown) of AA
- amino groups are removed from AA
- keto acids are formed and ammonia
urea cycle - Answer converts toxic ammonia (NH3) to non toxic urea (NH2)2CO
- occurs primarily in liver cells
- some extent in kidney cells
describe how AA travel to liver - Answer AA travel through portal vein to liver where they either
- produce ammonia/urea
- produce pyruvate, which turns to fat
- lead to protein synthesis in all tissues
the urea cycle produced non protogenic AA such as - Answer citrulline
ornithine
argininosuccinate
,problem with portosystemic shunt - Answer if blood is not being filtered through the liver then after a
high protein diet, there is a build up of AA
role of glutamate - Answer non-essential AA
- neurotransmitter involved in brain function
- produced by glial cells
abnormal behavior of cat with portosystemic shunt - Answer walking aimlessly, bumping into objects,
but appearing normal the next day
- this happens 2-3 times
- cat does not appear to be gaining weight or growing much
examination of cat with portosystemic shunt - Answer patient stayed overnight:
- initially visual impairment & cat had problems walking
- several hours later was able to walk but visually impaired
- few hours more, vision and gait were normal
how to interpret aimless walking, blindness, disorientation - Answer suggestive of abnormal cerebral
function
how to interpret problems walking - Answer suggestive of impaired peripheral nerves, spinal cord or
caudal brain stem
how to interpret fluctuating clinical signs - Answer suggests a metabolic disturbance, rather than
structural impairment of nervous system
hypothesis of patient disease - Answer cat could have a disturbance of its prosencephalon, due to a
metabolic disorder such as
- hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
- hypoxia from inadequate cardiac outflow
, - hyperammonemia from liver dysfunction
lab test results of cat - Answer 1. normal blood glucose and cerebrospinal fluid
- rules out hypoglycemia and inflammatory brain disease
2. low blood urea nitrogen and albumin
3. increase in liver enzymes
4. serum bile acid concentrations and ammonia are increased
ALL suggest abnormal liver function
new hypothesis: hepatic encephalopathy - Answer excessive ammonia and other metabolites not being
metabolized by the liver, causes abnormal neuron function in CNS, especially the cerebrum
portal venogram / mesentric portography - Answer radiograph with catheter
- contrast media outlines the mesenteric vein
- looks like x ray
portal scinigraphy - Answer radioisotope in colon (non invasive)
- radioactive dye
abnormal: liver is dark, not visible
normal: highlighted yellow liver
what is a portasystemic shunt - Answer when one or several vessels connect the portal vein to the
caudal vena cava or azygos vein
- blood is shunted past the liver to the heart
extrahepatic vs intrahepatic shunt - Answer extra: outside liver
intra: inside/through liver
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