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Pathoma Chapter 2: Questions & Accurate Solutions
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Pathoma Chapter 2: Questions & Accurate Solutions
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Pathoma Chapter 2: Questions & Accurate SolutionsTwo divisions of inflammation Right Ans - Acute and chronic
Allows inflammatory cells, plasma proteins (complement), and fluid to exit
blood vessels and enter interstitial space Right Ans - Inflammation
Goal of inflammation Right Ans - Take what's in the blood vessels and put it
in the interstitial space
What characterizes acute inflammation (two things) Right Ans -
Neutrophils and edema
What two things cause acute inflammation Right Ans - Infection and
necrosis
Is acute inflammation specific or non-specific? Right Ans - Non-specific
(does not attack a specific antigen)
Why does a patients white count increase after an MI Right Ans - Acute
inflammation after infarction
Neutrophils mechanism of killing Right Ans - Eat substances then destroy
what they eat
What do toll-like receptors recognize? Right Ans - PAMPs (Pathogen
associated molecular patterns)
Where are TLRs located? Right Ans - Cells of innate immune system
(macrophages and dendritic cells)
What do PAMPs activate? Right Ans - Toll-like receptors on the cells of
innate immune system
What immune system are TLRs associated with? Right Ans - Innate
immune system; also adaptive immune system (lymphocytes); plays a role in
acute and chronic inflammation
,Lipopolysaccharide Right Ans - PAMP on the outer membrane of gram
negative bacteria that is recognized by CD14 (coreceptor for TLR4) on
macrophages
What does TLR activation do? Right Ans - Upregulation of NK-kB (nuclear
transcription factor that activates immune response genes and leads to
production of immune mediators)
CD14 Right Ans - TLR4 co-receptor on macrophages that recognizes LPS
What recognizes LPS Right Ans - CD14 (coreceptor for TLR4 on
macrophages)
NF-KB: what is it, what activates it, and what does it do Right Ans - Nuclear
transcription factor activated by TLR activation. It activates transcription of
immune mediators
Innate immunity overview Right Ans - -Broad, non-specific
-Epithelium, mucus secreted by cells, complement system, mast cells,
macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Adaptive immunity overview Right Ans - -Specific, but takes a while to be
activated
-Lymphocytes, which have TCRs and produces abs. against very specific
targets
Phospholipase A2 Right Ans - Releases arachidonic acid from phospholipid
membrane
What are the two enzymes that act on arachidonic acid Right Ans -
Cyclooxygenase (produces prostaglandins) or 5-lipoxygenase (produces
leukotrienes)
Name the three prostaglandins Right Ans - PGI2, PGD2, PGE2
What do PGI2, PGD2, and PGE2 do? Right Ans - Mediate vasodilation at the
arteriole and increased vascular permeability at the post-capillary venule
Which prostaglandin mediates pain and fever? Right Ans - PGE2
, What does PGE2 do (four functions) Right Ans - Increased vascular
permeability, increase vasodilation, mediates fever, mediates pain
Name the four leukotrienes Right Ans - LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
What does LTB4 do? Right Ans - Attracts and activates neutrophils
What do LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 do? Right Ans - Mediate vasoconstriction,
bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability by contracting pericytes
Pericytes Right Ans - Located under the endothelial cells; they have smooth
muscle, so when they contract, there is room for fluid to leak from the vessel;
Leukotrienes contract pericytes to cause increased vessel permeability (LTC4,
LTD4, LTE4)
Name the four mediators that attract and activate neutrophils Right Ans -
1. LTB4
2. C5a
3. IL-8
4. Bacterial products
Where are mast cells located? Right Ans - Widely distributed in connective
tissue
Name the three things that activate mast cells Right Ans - Tissue trauma,
complement proteins C3a and C5a, cross-linking of mast cell surface IgE by
antigen
What two complement proteins can activate mast cells? Right Ans - C3a
and C5a (which are byproducts of complement activation)
What are the two phases of mast cell response? Right Ans - 1st: histamine
release (vasodilation and increased vascular permeability)
2nd: production of leukotrienes (allows for maintenance of acute
inflammation)
What is the main mediator of the second phase of the mast cell response?
Right Ans - Leukotrienes
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